Editing Architect (section)

==Practice==
In the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design, and construction management require an understanding of business as well as design. However, design is the driving force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client. The commission might involve preparing [[Feasibility study|feasibility reports]], building audits, and designing a building or several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building. Throughout the project (planning to occupancy), the architect coordinates a design team. [[Structural engineer|Structural]], [[mechanical engineer|mechanical]], and [[electrical engineer]]s are hired by the client or architect, who must ensure that the work is coordinated to construct the design.

===Design role===
The architect, once hired by a client, is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. The architect must meet with and ask questions to the client, to ascertain all the requirements (and nuances) of the planned project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studentscholarships.org/salary/556/architects.php|title=Architects – What do Architects do?|website=StudentScholarships.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513161920/https://studentscholarships.org/salary/556/architects.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

Often, the full brief is not clear in the beginning. It involves a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make early proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief. The "program" (or brief) is essential to producing a project that meets all the needs of the owner. This becomes a guide for the architect in creating the design concept.

Design proposal(s) are generally expected to be both imaginative and pragmatic. Much depends upon the time, place, finance, culture, and available crafts and technology in which the design takes place. The extent and nature of these expectations will vary. Foresight is a prerequisite when designing buildings as it is a very complex and demanding undertaking.

Any design concept during the early stage of its generation must take into account a great number of issues and variables, including the qualities of the space(s), the end-use and life-cycle of these proposed spaces, connections, relations, and aspects between spaces, including how they are put together, and the impact of proposals on the immediate and wider locality. The selection of appropriate materials and technology must be considered, tested, and reviewed at an early stage in the design to ensure there are no setbacks (such as higher-than-expected costs) which could occur later in the project.

The site and its surrounding environment, as well as the culture and history of the place, will also influence the design. The design must also balance increasing concerns with [[environmental sustainability]]. The architect may introduce (intentionally or not), aspects of [[mathematics and architecture]], new or current [[architectural theory]], or references to [[architectural history]].

A key part of the design is that the architect often must consult with engineers, surveyors, and other specialists throughout the design, ensuring that aspects such as structural supports and air conditioning elements are coordinated. The control and planning of construction costs are also part of these consultations. Coordination of the different aspects involves a high degree of specialized communication, including advanced computer technology such as [[building information modeling]] (BIM), computer-aided design (CAD), and cloud-based technologies. Finally, at all times, the architect must report back to the client, who may have reservations or recommendations which might introduce further variables into the design.

Architects also deal with local and federal jurisdictions regarding regulations and [[building code]]s. The architect might need to comply with local [[Urban planning|planning]] and [[zoning]] laws such as required setbacks, height limitations, parking requirements, transparency requirements (windows), and [[land use]]. Some jurisdictions require adherence to design and [[historic preservation]] guidelines. Health and safety risks form a vital part of the current design, and in some jurisdictions, design reports and records are required to include ongoing considerations of materials and contaminants, waste management and recycling, traffic control, and fire safety.

====Means of design====

Previously, architects employed drawings<ref name="MAD 225"/> to illustrate and generate design proposals. While conceptual sketches are still widely used by architects,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archdaily.com/639533/17-napkin-sketches-by-famous-architects |title=17 Napkin Sketches by Famous Architects |date=5 June 2015 |access-date=8 March 2019 |first=Karissa |last=Rosenfield |work=[[ArchDaily]] |issn=0719-8884 |archive-date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305230926/https://www.archdaily.com/639533/17-napkin-sketches-by-famous-architects/ |url-status=live }}</ref> computer technology has now become the industry standard.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/architecture/2011/03/think_before_you_build.html |title=Think Before You Build |first=Witold |last=Rybczynski |date=30 March 2011 |journal=[[Slate.com|Slate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614053149/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/architecture/2011/03/think_before_you_build.html |archive-date=14 June 2018 |publisher=[[The Slate Group]] |via=[[Graham Holdings Company]] |access-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, design may include the use of photos, collages, prints, linocuts, [[3D scanning]] technology, and other media in design production. 
Increasingly, computer software is shaping how architects work. BIM technology allows for the creation of a virtual building that serves as an information database for the sharing of design and building information throughout the life-cycle of the building's design, construction, and maintenance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalbimstandard.org/faq.php#faq1 |title=Frequently Asked Questions About the National BIM Standard-United States |work=National BIM Standard |access-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016190503/http://www.nationalbimstandard.org/faq.php#faq1 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=[[National Institute of Building Sciences]]}}</ref> [[Virtual reality]] (VR) presentations are becoming more common for visualizing structural designs and interior spaces from the point-of-view perspective.

===Environmental role===
Since modern buildings are known to release carbon into the atmosphere, increasing controls are being placed on buildings and associated technology to reduce emissions, increase energy efficiency, and make use of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources may be designed into the proposed building by local or national renewable energy providers. As a result, the architect is required to remain abreast of current regulations that are continually being updated. Some new developments exhibit extremely low energy use or [[passive solar building design]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://passipedia.org/basics/what_is_a_passive_house|title=What is a Passive House?|website=passipedia.org|access-date=2015-12-08|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208235915/http://passipedia.org/basics/what_is_a_passive_house|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, the architect is also increasingly being required to provide initiatives in a wider environmental sense. Examples of this include making provisions for low-energy transport, natural daylighting instead of artificial lighting, natural [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]] instead of air conditioning, pollution, and waste management, use of recycled materials, and employment of materials which can be easily recycled.

===Construction role===
As the design becomes more advanced and detailed, specifications and detail designs are made of all the elements and components of the building. Techniques in the production of a building are continually advancing which places a demand on the architect to ensure that he or she remains up to date with these advances.

Depending on the client's needs and the jurisdiction's requirements, the spectrum of the architect's services during each construction stage may be extensive (detailed document preparation and construction review) or less involved (such as allowing a contractor to exercise considerable [[design-build]] functions).

Architects typically put projects to tender on behalf of their clients, advise them on the award of the project to a [[general contractor]], facilitate and administer a contract of agreement, which is often between the client and the contractor. This contract is legally binding and covers a wide range of aspects, including the insurance and commitments of all stakeholders, the status of the design documents, provisions for the architect's access, and procedures for the control of the works as they proceed. Depending on the type of contract used, provisions for further sub-contract tenders may be required. The architect may require that some elements be covered by a warranty which specifies the expected life and other aspects of the material, product, or work.

In most jurisdictions prior notification to the relevant authority must be given before commencement of the project, giving the local authority notice to carry out independent inspections. The architect will then review and inspect the progress of the work in coordination with the local authority.

The architect will typically review contractor [[shop drawings]] and other [[Submittals (construction)|submittals]], prepare and issue site instructions, and provide Certificates for Payment to the contractor (see also [[Design-bid-build]]) which is based on the work done as well as any materials and other goods purchased or hired in the future. In the United Kingdom and other countries, a [[quantity surveyor]] is often part of the team to provide cost consulting. With large, complex projects, an independent [[Construction management|construction manager]] is sometimes hired to assist in the design and management of the construction.

In many jurisdictions mandatory certification or assurance of the completed work or part of the work is required. This demand for certification entails a high degree of risk; therefore, regular inspections of the work as it progresses on site is required to ensure that the design is in compliance itself as well as following all relevant statutes and permissions.

===Alternate practice and specialisations===
Recent decades have seen the rise of specialisations within the profession. Many architects and architectural firms focus on certain project types (e.g. healthcare, retail, public housing, and event management), technological expertise, or project delivery methods. Some architects specialise in building code, [[building envelope]], [[Sustainable architecture|sustainable design]], [[technical writing]], historic preservation(US) or conservation (UK), [[accessibility|and accessibility]].

Many architects elect to move into [[real estate development|real-estate (property) development]], corporate facilities planning, [[project management]], construction management, [[chief sustainability officer]]s interior design, city planning, [[user experience design]], [[design researcher|and design research.]]