Editing Architecture of England (section)

==Medieval architecture==

===Anglo-Saxon architecture===
{{Main|Anglo-Saxon architecture}}
[[Image:EarlsBartonChurch.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[All Saints' Church, Earls Barton]]]]

Architecture of the [[Anglo-Saxon]] period exists only in the form of churches, the only structures commonly built in stone apart from fortifications. The earliest examples date from the 7th century, notably at [[Church of St Peter-on-the-Wall, Bradwell-on-Sea|Bradwell-on-Sea]] and [[Escomb Church|Escomb]], but the majority from the 10th and 11th centuries. Due to the systematic destruction and replacement of English [[cathedrals]] and [[monasteries]] by the [[Normans]], no major Anglo-Saxon churches survive; the largest extant example is at [[All Saints' Church, Brixworth|Brixworth]].

The main material is [[ashlar]] masonry, sometimes accompanied by details in reused Roman brick. Anglo-Saxon churches are typically high and narrow and consist of a [[nave]] and a narrower [[chancel]]; these are often accompanied by a west tower. Some feature ''[[porticus]]'' (projecting chambers) to the west or to the north and south, creating a cruciform plan. Characteristic features include [[Quoin (architecture)|quoins]] in "long-and-short work" (alternating vertical and horizontal blocks) and small windows with rounded or triangular tops, deeply splayed or in groups of two or three divided by squat columns. The most common form of external decoration is [[lesene]] strips (thin vertical or horizontal strips of projecting stone), typically combined with [[blind arcade|blind arcading]]. Notable examples of this exist at [[All Saints' Church, Earls Barton|Earls Barton]], [[St Laurence's Church, Bradford-on-Avon|Bradford-on-Avon]] and [[St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber|Barton-upon-Humber]].

===Norman architecture===
{{Main|Norman architecture}}
[[File:Norwich Castle keep, 2009.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Norwich Castle]]: round arches are characteristic of the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style]]
In the 11th century the Normans were among Europe's leading exponents of [[Romanesque architecture]], a style which had begun to influence English church building before 1066, but became the predominant mode in England with the huge wave of construction that followed the [[Norman Conquest]].<ref name=Pragnall>{{Cite book |title=Styles of English Architecture |last=Pragnall |first=Hubert |publisher=Batsford |location=Frome |year=1984 |isbn=0-7134-3768-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stylesofenglisha00prag }}</ref> The Normans destroyed a large proportion of England's churches and built Romanesque replacements, a process which encompassed all of England's cathedrals. Most of the latter were later partially or wholly rebuilt in [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]], and although many still preserve substantial Romanesque portions, only [[Durham Cathedral]] remains a predominantly Romanesque structure (along with [[St Alban's cathedral|St Alban's]] and [[Southwell cathedral|Southwell]], abbey churches in the medieval period). Even Durham displays significant transitional features leading towards the emergence of Gothic.<ref name=ServiceAngloCh6>{{Cite book |title=Anglo-Saxon and Norman : A guide and Gazetteer |series=The Buildings of Britain |year=1982 |chapter=6 |last=Service |first=Alastair |isbn=0-09-150130-X}}</ref> Romanesque churches are characterised by rounded arches, [[arcade (architecture)|arcade]]s supported by massive cylindrical [[pier (architecture)|piers]], [[groin vault]]s and low-relief sculptural decoration. Distinctively Norman features include decorative chevron patterns.

In the wake of the invasion [[William I of England|William I]] and his lords built numerous wooden [[motte-and-bailey]] [[castle]]s to impose their control on the native population. Many were subsequently rebuilt in stone, beginning with the [[Tower of London]].
There are also a very small number of domestic Norman buildings still standing, for example [[Jew's House]], Lincoln; [[manor houses]] at [[Saltford]] and [[Boothby Pagnall]]; and fortified manor houses such as [[Oakham Castle]].<ref name="ServiceAngloCh4">{{Cite book |title=Anglo-Saxon and Norman : A guide and Gazetteer |series=The Buildings of Britain |year=1982 |chapter=4 |last=Service |first=Alastair |isbn=0-09-150130-X}}</ref>
[[File:Gloucester Cathedral 11.jpg|left|thumb|[[Perpendicular Gothic]] [[lady chapel]] of [[Gloucester Cathedral]]]]

=== Gothic architecture ===
{{Main|English Gothic architecture}}
The major buildings of the [[Late Middle Ages]] and the first centuries of the [[Early Modern Period]] were constructed in the predominant late medieval European style of [[Gothic architecture]]. Art-historical periodisations are [[Early English (architecture)|Early English]] or ''First Pointed'' (late 12th–late 13th centuries), [[Decorated Gothic]] or ''Second Pointed'' (late 13th–late 14th centuries), and [[Perpendicular Gothic]] or ''Third Pointed'' (14th–17th centuries).<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Schurr|first=Marc Carel|title=art and architecture: Gothic|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-0540|work=The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages|year=2010|editor-last=Bork|editor-first=Robert E.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866262-4|quote=Early to High Gothic and Early English (c.1130–c.1240) Rayonnant Gothic and Decorated Style (c.1240–c.1350) Late Gothic: flamboyant and perpendicular (c.1350–c.1500)|access-date=9 April 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Gothic|date=2015|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-2072|work=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture|editor-last=Curl|editor-first=James Stevens|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-967498-5|quote=First Pointed (Early English) was used from the end of C12 to the end of C13, though most of its characteristics were present in the lower part of the chevet of the Abbey Church of St-Denis, near Paris (c.1135–44). ... Once First Pointed evolved with Geometrical tracery it became known as Middle Pointed. Second-Pointed work of C14 saw an ever-increasing invention in bar-tracery of the Curvilinear, Flowing, and Reticulated types, ... culminating in the Flamboyant style (from c.1375) of the Continent. Second Pointed was relatively short-lived in England, and was superseded by Perp[endicular] (or Third Pointed) from c.1332, although the two styles overlapped for some time.|access-date=9 April 2020|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=Susan|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The architect and art historian [[Thomas Rickman]]'s ''Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England'', first published in 1812, divided Gothic architecture in the British Isles into three stylistic periods.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Rickman|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JO3AAAAIAAJ|title=An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England: From the Conquest to the Reformation|publisher=J. H. Parker|year=1848|edition=5th|location=London|pages=lxiii|language=en|author-link=Thomas Rickman|orig-year=1812}}</ref> Rickman identified the period of architecture from [[William the Conqueror]] ({{Reign|1066|87}}) to [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] ({{Reign|1154|89}}) as ''Norman''; from [[Richard the Lionheart]] ({{Reign|1189|99}}) to [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] ({{Reign|1272|1307}}) as ''Early English''; the reigns of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] ({{Reign|1307|27}}) and [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] ({{Reign|1327|77}}) as ''Decorated'', and from [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] ({{Reign|1377|99}}) to [[Henry VIII]] ({{Reign|1509|47}}) as ''Perpendicular''.<ref name=":2" />

From the 15th century, under the [[House of Tudor]], the prevailing Gothic style is commonly known as [[Tudor architecture]], being ultimately succeeded by [[Elizabethan architecture]] and [[Renaissance architecture]] under [[Elizabeth I]] ({{Reign|1558|1603}}).<ref name=":04">{{Citation|title=Tudor|date=2015|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-4821|work=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture|editor-last=Curl|editor-first=James Stevens|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-967498-5|access-date=9 April 2020|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=Susan|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rickman excluded from his scheme most new buildings after Henry VIII's reign, calling the style of "additions and rebuilding" in the later 16th and earlier 17th centuries "often much debased".<ref name=":2" /> Architect and art historian [[Edmund Sharpe]] published in 1851 ''The Seven Periods of English Architecture'', in which he identified a pre-Gothic ''Transitional Period'' (1145–90) after the ''Norman'' period, in which pointed arches and round arches were employed together.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Sharpe|first=Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_sgnAAAAYAAJ|title=The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated|publisher=E. & F. N. Spon|year=1871|location=London|pages=8|language=en|orig-year=1851}}</ref> Focusing on the windows, Sharpe dubbed Rickman's first Gothic style the ''Lancet Period'' (1190–1245); divided the second into first the ''Geometrical'' (1245–1315) and then the ''Curvilinear'' (1315–1360); and named the third style ''Rectilinear'' (1360–1550).<ref name=":3" />

This last Gothic style was typified by large windows, [[Four-centred arch|four-centred arches]], straight vertical and horizontal lines in the [[tracery]], and regular arch-topped rectangular panelling.<ref name=":4">{{Citation|title=Perpendicular|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-3451|work=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture|year=2015|editor-last=Curl|editor-first=James Stevens|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-967498-5|access-date=16 May 2020|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=Susan|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Citation|title=Perpendicular Gothic|date=2018|url=https://www.bloomsburyarchitecturelibrary.com/dictionary-article?docid=b-9781350122741&tocid=b-9781350122741-gloss-0001815|work=Sir Banister Fletcher Glossary|editor-last=Fraser|editor-first=Murray|publisher=[[Royal Institute of British Architects]] and the [[University of London]]|language=en|doi=10.5040/9781350122741.1001816|isbn=978-1-350-12274-1|quote=English idiom from about 1330 to 1640, characterised by large windows, regularity of ornate detailing, and grids of panelling that extend over walls, windows and vaults.|access-date=26 August 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Perpendicular was the prevailing style of [[Late Gothic architecture]] in England from the 14th century to the 17th century.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":02" /> Perpendicular was unique to the country: no equivalent arose in [[Continental Europe]] or elsewhere in the [[British Isles]].<ref name=":4" /> Of all the Gothic [[architectural styles]], Perpendicular was the first to experience a second wave of popularity from the 18th century on in [[Gothic Revival architecture]].<ref name=":4" />

=== Vernacular architecture ===
[[File:Hall - Alfriston Clergy House - Alfriston, East Sussex, England - DSC05105.jpg|thumb|Hall in [[Alfriston Clergy House]], 14th-century]]
Little survives of the [[vernacular architecture]] of the medieval period due to the use of perishable materials for the great majority of buildings. Most domestic buildings were built on [[timber framing|timber frames]], usually with [[wattle and daub]] infill. Roofs were typically covered with [[thatching|thatch]]; wooden [[roof shingle|shingles]] were also employed, and from the 12th century [[tile]] and [[slate]] came into use in some areas.<ref name=ServiceAngloCh4/>  Also around the 12th century, the [[cruck]] frame was introduced, increasing the size of timber-framed vernacular buildings.<ref name=ServiceAngloCh4/> Typically, larger houses of this period were based around a [[great hall]] open from floor to roof. One bay at each end was split into two storeys and used for service rooms and private rooms for the owner.<ref name=Quiney>{{Cite book |title=Period Houses, a guide to authentic architectural features |year=1989 |isbn=0-540-01173-8 |last=Quiney |first=Anthony |publisher=George Phillip |location=London}}</ref>  Even quite high up the social scale houses were small by modern standards, except for the very wealthy.<ref>Aslet and Powers, 15</ref>

Buildings surviving from this period included [[moat]]ed [[manor house]]s of which [[Ightham Mote]] is a notable late medieval example, and [[Wealden hall house]]s such as [[Alfriston Clergy House]].  [[Tintagel Old Post Office]] is a 14th-century manor house in a part of the country where stone was the typical building material for better houses.  [[Little Moreton Hall]], a large manor house begun in 1504-08 and later extended, is a famous showpiece of decorative [[half-timbering]].<ref>Aslet and Powers, 13-15, 40</ref>  Near the dangerous Scottish border, the [[peel tower]] was a type of [[tower house]] or small castle; in Scotland they were even more common.  The [[bastle house]] was a two-storey version, continuing what had been a common form of house for the better-off across the country in the late Anglo-Saxon and Norman periods.<ref>Aslet and Powers, 20-24</ref>