Editing Archive (section)

==Users and institutions==
[[File:Staatsarchiv Erdberg Sep 2006 002.jpg|thumb|right|Reading room of the [[National Archives of Austria|Österreichisches Staatsarchiv]] (Austrian State Archive), in the Erdberg district of Vienna (2006)]]
Historians, [[genealogist]]s, lawyers, [[demographer]]s, filmmakers, and others conduct research at archives.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/about/what-are-archives |title=What Are Archives? |date=November 2013 |access-date=2 September 2014 |publisher=[[National Museum of American History]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905072959/http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/about/what-are-archives |archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> The research process at each archive is unique and depends upon the institution that houses the archive.  While there are many kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identifies five major types: '''academic''', '''business (for profit)''', '''government''', '''non-profit''', and '''others'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walch |first=Victoria Irons |year=2006 |title=Archival Census and Education Needs Survey in the United States: Part 1: Introduction |journal=The American Archivist |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=294–309 |url=http://www.archivists.org/a-census/reports/Walch-ACENSUS.pdf|access-date=30 April 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314203430/http://www.archivists.org/a-census/reports/Walch-ACENSUS.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> There are also four main areas of inquiry involved with archives: material technologies, organizing principles, geographic locations, and tangled embodiments of humans and non-humans.  These areas help to further categorize what kind of archive is being created.

===Academic===
{{see also|Institutional repository}}
[[File:Charles Sturt University Regional Archives 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Charles Sturt University]] Regional Archives]]
Archives in colleges, universities, and other educational facilities are typically housed within a library, and duties may be carried out by an [[archivist]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=William J. |last=Maher |year=1992 |title=The Management of College and University Archives |oclc=25630256 |location=Metuchen, New Jersey |publisher=[[Society of American Archivists]] and [[The Scarecrow Press]] }}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2014}}  Academic archives exist to preserve institutional history and serve the academic community.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.kennesaw.edu/archives/| title= Welcome to University Archives and Records Management| access-date= 8 May 2007| publisher= Kennesaw State University Archives| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070414165623/http://www.kennesaw.edu/archives/| archive-date= 14 April 2007| url-status= dead}}</ref> An academic archive may contain materials such as the institution's administrative records, personal and professional papers of former professors and presidents, memorabilia related to school organizations and activities, and items the academic library wishes to remain in a closed-stack setting, such as rare books or [[thesis]] copies. Access to the collections in these archives is usually by prior appointment only; some have posted hours for making inquiries.  Users of academic archives can be undergraduates, graduate students, faculty and staff, scholarly researchers, and the general public.  Many academic archives work closely with [[alumni]] relations departments or other campus institutions to help raise funds for their library or school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.archivists.org/groups/college-and-university-archives-section/guidelines-for-college-and-university-archives |title=Guidelines for College and University Archives |access-date=2 September 2014 |publisher=[[Society of American Archivists]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905030415/http://www2.archivists.org/groups/college-and-university-archives-section/guidelines-for-college-and-university-archives |archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> Qualifications for employment may vary.  Entry-level positions usually require an undergraduate diploma, but typically archivists hold graduate degrees in history or library science (preferably certified by a body such as the [[American Library Association]]).<ref name=Riggs>{{cite journal |first=Michelle |last=Riggs |title=The Correlation of Archival Education and Job Requirements Since the Advent of Encoded Archival Description |journal=Journal of Archival Organization |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2005 |pages=61–79 |doi=10.1300/J201v03n01_06 |s2cid=145257839 }}</ref> Subject-area specialization becomes more common in higher-ranking positions.<ref>{{cite web |title=So You Want to Be an Archivist: An Overview of the Archives Profession |url=http://www2.archivists.org/profession |website=Society of American Archivists |access-date=23 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711152538/http://www2.archivists.org/profession |archive-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

===Business (for profit)===
Archives located in for-profit institutions are usually those owned by a private business.  Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include [[Coca-Cola]] (which also owns the separate museum [[World of Coca-Cola]]), [[Procter and Gamble]], [[Motorola]] Heritage Services and Archives, and [[Levi Strauss & Co.]] These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to the history and administration of their companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessarchivescouncil.org.uk/|title=Business Archives Council |access-date=8 May 2007 |publisher=businessarchivescouncil.org.uk| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070606151253/http://www.businessarchivescouncil.org.uk/| archive-date= 6 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Business archives serve the purpose of helping corporations maintain control over their brand by retaining memories of the company's past.  Especially in business archives, [[records management]] is separate from the historical aspect of archives.  Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background.  These archives are typically not open to the public and are only used by workers of the owner company, though some allow approved visitors by appointment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hunterinformation.com/corporat.htm|title=Directory of Corporate Archives |access-date=8 May 2007 |publisher=hunterinformation.com| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405071910/http://www.hunterinformation.com/corporat.htm| archive-date= 5 April 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Business archives are concerned with maintaining the [[integrity]] of their company and are therefore selective about how their materials may be used.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.archivists.org/saagroups/bas/Intro_bus_arch.asp |title= Business Archives in North America – Invest in your future: Understand your past |access-date=8 May 2007 |publisher=Society of American Archivists|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001211352/http://www.archivists.org/saagroups/bas/Intro_bus_arch.asp |archive-date = 1 October 2006}}</ref>

===Government===
{{main|National archives}}
[[File:WikiXDC National Archives Tour Hall - Stierch.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Storage facility at the [[National Archives and Records Administration]], Washington, D.C.]]
Government archives include those maintained by local and state governments as well as those maintained by the national (or federal) government. Anyone may use a government archive, and frequent users include [[reporters]], [[genealogists]], writers, [[historians]], students, and people seeking information on the history of their home or region. Many government archives are open to the public, and no appointment is required to visit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/about-us/016/index-e.html |title=Directions for Change |url-status=dead |access-date=27 October 2016 |publisher=collectionscanada.ca |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070227022316/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/about-us/016/index-e.html |archive-date=27 February 2007 }}</ref>

In the United States, the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] (NARA) maintains central archival facilities in the [[District of Columbia]] and [[College Park, Maryland]], with regional facilities distributed throughout the United States. Some city or local governments may have repositories, but their organization and accessibility vary widely.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyndislist.com/us/state-level-records-repositories |title=Cyndi's List - United States - U.S. State Level Records Repositories |access-date=2 September 2014 |publisher=[[Cyndi's List of Genealogy Sites on the Internet]] }}</ref> Similar to the library profession, certification requirements and education also varies widely, from state to state.<ref>Watkins, Christine. "Chapter Report: The Many Faces of Certification." American Libraries 29, no. 9 (October 1998): 11. (accessed 23 July 2014).</ref> Professional associations themselves encourage the need to professionalize.<ref>Bastian, Jeannette, and Elizabeth Yakel. "'Are We There Yet?' Professionalism and the Development of an Archival Core Curriculum in the United States." Journal of Education for Library & Information Science 46, no. 2 (Spring2005 2005): 95–114. (accessed 23 July 2014)</ref> NARA offers the Certificate of Federal Records Management Training Program for professional development.<ref>{{cite web|title=FAQs About NARA's Certificate of Federal Records Management Training Program|url=https://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/training/certification-faq.html|access-date=23 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715123147/http://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/training/certification-faq.html|archive-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> The majority of state and local archives staff hold a [[bachelor's degree]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Set 1: Employment, A*CENSUS Data Tabulated by State|url=http://www2.archivists.org/initiatives/acensus-archival-census-education-needs-survey-in-the-united-states|website=Society of American Archivists|access-date=23 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713074602/http://www2.archivists.org/initiatives/acensus-archival-census-education-needs-survey-in-the-united-states|archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>—increasingly repositories list advanced degrees (e.g. MA, MLS/MLIS, Ph.D.) and certifications as a position requirement or preference.<ref name=Riggs />

In the UK, the [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]] (formerly known as the Public Record Office) is the government archive for England and [[Wales]]. The physical records stored by the National Archives amount to {{convert|185|km|mi|abbr=in}} of shelving, a number that increases every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/start-here/what-we-have/ |title=What we have |website=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514110454/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/start-here/what-we-have/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[English Heritage Archive]] is the public archive of [[English Heritage]]. The [[National Records of Scotland]], located in [[Edinburgh]], serves that country;<ref>{{cite web |title=What We Do |website=National Records of Scotland |date=31 May 2013 |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/about-us/what-we-do |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002135913/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/about-us/what-we-do |url-status=live }}</ref> while the [[Public Record Office of Northern Ireland]] in [[Belfast]] is the government archive for Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Record Office of Northern Ireland |website=www.nidirect.gov.uk |date=4 March 2016 |url=https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/campaigns/public-record-office-northern-ireland-proni |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002135916/https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/campaigns/public-record-office-northern-ireland-proni |url-status=live }}</ref>

A network of [[county record office]]s and other local authority-run archives exists throughout England, Wales, and Scotland and holds many important collections, including local government, landed estates, church, and business records. Many archives have contributed catalogs to the national "[[Access to Archives]]" program and online searching across collections is possible.

In France, the French Archives Administration (''Service interministériel des Archives de France'') in the [[Minister of Culture (France)|Ministry of Culture]] supervises the [[Archives nationales (France)|National Archives]] (''Archives nationales''), which possess {{convert|373|km|mi|abbr=in}} of physical records {{as of|2020|lc=y}} (the total length of occupied shelves put next to each other), with original records going as far back as A.D. 625, and 74.75 terabytes (74,750 [[Gigabyte|GB]]) of electronic archives, as well as the [[Archives nationales d'outre-mer|National Overseas Archives]] (ANOM, {{convert|36.5|km|mi}} of physical records), the {{ill|National Archives of the World of Labour|fr|Archives nationales du monde du travail}} (ANMT, {{convert|49.8|km|mi}} of physical records), and all local public archives (departmental archives, or ''archives départementales'', located in the ''[[Prefectures in France|préfectures]]'' of each of the 100 ''[[departments of France|départements]]'' of France plus the City of Paris, more than 400 municipal archives in the larger towns and cities of France, and 12 newer regional archives) which possess {{convert|3591|km|mi|abbr=in}} of physical records and 225.25 terabytes of electronic archives ({{as of|2020|lc=y}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://francearchives.fr/file/26fd8af1762e37a6b252a54f04e89dec9273cd37/ConservationRestauration_2020.ods|title=Activité des services d'archives en France : données 2020 - Conservation et restauration|website=francearchives.fr|format=ODS|access-date=2022-04-30|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616050909/https://francearchives.fr/file/26fd8af1762e37a6b252a54f04e89dec9273cd37/ConservationRestauration_2020.ods|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://francearchives.fr/file/4f24916bf00f2493237bc84960e718425aa296aa/SCN_DonneesActivite_2020.ods|title=Activité des services d'archives en France: données 2020 - Services à compétence nationale|website=francearchives.fr|format=ODS|access-date=2022-04-30|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501001540/https://francearchives.fr/file/4f24916bf00f2493237bc84960e718425aa296aa/SCN_DonneesActivite_2020.ods|url-status=live}}</ref>   Put together, the total volume of archives under the supervision of the French Archives Administration is the largest in the world.

The archives of the French [[Ministry of Armed Forces (France)|Ministry of Armed Forces]] ([[Defence Historical Service]], ca. {{convert|450|km|mi}} of physical records) and the archives of the French [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] ({{ill|Diplomatic Archives |fr|archives diplomatiques}}, ca. {{convert|120|km|mi}} of physical records) are managed separately by their respective ministries and do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Archives of France Administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ccomptes.fr/sites/default/files/EzPublish/20170202-rapport-archives-nationales.pdf|title=Les Archives nationales - Les voies et moyens d'une nouvelle ambition|author=[[Court of Audit (France)]]|page=14|date=November 2016|access-date=2022-05-12|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120052939/https://www.ccomptes.fr/sites/default/files/EzPublish/20170202-rapport-archives-nationales.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[India]], the [[National Archives of India|National Archives]] (NAI) are located in New Delhi.

In [[Taiwan]], the National Archives Administration are located in [[Taipei]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov.tw/English |title=National Archives Administration |website=National Development Council of Taiwan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917052616/http://www.archives.gov.tw/english/ |archive-date=17 September 2008 }}</ref>

Most intergovernmental organizations keep their own historical archives. However, a number of European organizations, including the European Commission, choose to deposit their archives with the European University Institute in Florence.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Archives|url=http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/AbouttheHistoricalArchives/Index.aspx|website=European University Institute|access-date=23 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706220937/http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/AbouttheHistoricalArchives/Index.aspx|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

===Church===
A prominent church archive is the [[Vatican Apostolic Archive]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vatican Apostolic Archive|url=https://www.archivioapostolicovaticano.va/|access-date=23 April 2022|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106185526/http://archivioapostolicovaticano.va/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Archdiocese]]s, [[diocese]]s, and parishes also have archives in the Roman Catholic and [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] Churches. Very important are [[monastery]] archives because of their antiquity, like the ones of [[Monte Cassino]], [[Abbey of Saint Gall|Saint Gall]], and [[Fulda monastery|Fulda]]. The records in these archives include manuscripts, papal records, local church records, photographs, oral histories, audiovisual materials, and architectural drawings.

Most Protestant denominations have archives as well, including the [[Presbyterian Historical Society]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Presbyterian Historical Society|url=http://history.pcusa.org/|access-date=31 March 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110426023226/http://history.pcusa.org/| archive-date= 26 April 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> the Moravian Church Archives,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moravianchurcharchives.org/|title=Moravian Archives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329122545/http://www.moravianchurcharchives.org/|archive-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> the Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives,<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives|url=http://www.sbhla.org/|access-date=31 March 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110330061539/http://www.sbhla.org/| archive-date= 30 March 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> the United Methodist Archives and History Center of the United Methodist Church,<ref>{{cite web|title=United Methodist Archives Center|url=http://www.gcah.org|access-date=31 March 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080828054648/http://gcah.org/| archive-date=28 August 2008| url-status= live}}</ref> and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).<ref>{{cite web|title=Disciples of Christ Historical Society|url=http://discipleshistory.org/|access-date=2 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110725235550/http://www.discipleshistory.org/| archive-date= 25 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>

===Motion pictures, film, and audio and video tape===
{{main cat|Film archives}}
{{see also|List of film archives|Cinematheque}}
Film archives collect, restore, investigate and conserve audiovisual content like films, documentaries, tv programs and newsreel footage. Often, a country has its own film archive to preserve its national audiovisual heritage. The [[International Federation of Film Archives]] comprises more than 150 institutions in over 77 countries and the [[Association of European Film Archives and Cinematheques]] is an affiliation of 49 European national and regional film archives founded in 1991. For a comprehensive look at the history of film preservation and the institutions and organizations that developed various practices, see [[Penelope Houston (film critic)|Penelope Houston]]'s ''Keepers of the Frame.''

===Non-profit===
Non-profit archives include those in [[List of Historical Societies|historical societies]], not-for-profit businesses such as hospitals, and repositories within [[Foundation (charity)|foundations]].  Such repositories are typically set up with private funds from donors to preserve the papers and histories of specific people or places. These institutions may rely on [[Grant (money)|grant]] funding from the government as well as private funds.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Dorothy Weyer |last1=Creigh |first2=Laurence R. |last2=Pizer | year=1991 | title=A Primer for Local Historical Societies |edition=2nd |page=122 |publisher=[[American Association for State and Local History]] |isbn=9780942063127 }}</ref> Depending on the availability of funds, non-profit archives may be as small as the historical society in a rural town to as big as a state historical society that rivals a government archive. Users of this type of archive may vary as much as the institutions that hold it. Employees of non-profit archives may be professional archivists, [[paraprofessional]]s, or volunteers, as the education required for a position at a non-profit archive varies with the demands of the collection's user base.<ref>{{Cite book| first=Walter Muir |last=Whitehill |year=1962 | title=Independent Historical Societies: An Enquiry into Their Research and Publication Functions and Their Financial Future  |chapter=Introduction |page=311 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Boston Athenaeum }}</ref>

===Web archiving===
{{main|Web archive}}
Web archiving is the process of collecting portions of the [[World Wide Web]] and ensuring the collection is [[digital preservation|preserved]] in an archive, such as an [[archive site]], for future researchers, historians, and the public.  Due to the massive size of the Web, web archivists typically employ [[web crawler]]s for automated collection.

Similarly, software code and documentation can be archived on the web, as with the example of [[CPAN]].

===Other===
[[File:Tretter Collection, QSCC Files.JPG|thumb|upright|right|Jean-Nickolaus Tretter Collection in Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Studies in May 2013]]
Some archives defy categorization.  There are tribal archives within the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] nations in North America, and there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals.  Many museums keep archives in order to prove the [[provenance]] of their pieces.  Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized fashion that employs the most basic principles of [[archival science]] may have an archive.  In the 2004 census of archivists taken in the United States, 2.7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization.  This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self-employed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walch |first=Victoria Irons |year=2006 |title=A*Census: A Closer Look|journal=The American Archivist |volume=69 |issue= 2|pages=327–348|url=http://www.archivists.org/a-census| access-date=8 May 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405071939/http://www.archivists.org/a-census| archive-date= 5 April 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Another type of archive is the Public Secrets project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicsecret.net/|title=Public Secrets}}</ref> This is an interactive testimonial, in which women incarcerated in the California State Prison System describe what happened to them. The archive's mission is to gather stories from women who want to express themselves and want their stories heard. This collection includes transcripts and an audio recording of the women telling their stories.

The archives of an individual may include letters, papers, photographs, computer files, scrapbooks, financial records, or diaries created or collected by the individual, regardless of medium or format. The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government) tend to contain other types of records, such as administrative files, business records, memos, official correspondence, and meeting minutes. Some archives are made up of a compilation of both types of collections. An example of this type of combined compilation is the [[Transgender Archives at the University of Victoria]], which contain a multitude of collections of donations from both individuals and organizations from all over the world. Many of these donations have yet to be cataloged but are currently in the process of being [[Digital preservation|digitally preserved]] and made available to the public online.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transgender Archives - University of Victoria|url=https://www.uvic.ca/transgenderarchives/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=www.uvic.ca|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210230004/https://www.uvic.ca/transgenderarchives/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Arctic World Archive]] is a commercially-run facility for data preservation located in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, Norway, that contains data of historical and cultural interest from several countries as well as all of American multinational company [[GitHub]]'s [[open source code]]. The data is kept on reels of specially developed film in a steel vault buried deep beneath the [[permafrost]], with the data storage medium expected to last for 500 to 1000 years.<ref name=buried>{{cite news| title=Buried deep in the ice is the GitHub code vault| first=Nate| last=Byrne| website=ABC News| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| date=12 August 2020| url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-13/github-code-vault-in-artic-svalbard-safeguards-against-calamity/12517948| access-date=13 August 2020| archive-date=15 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115015832/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-13/github-code-vault-in-artic-svalbard-safeguards-against-calamity/12517948| url-status=live}}</ref>