Editing Arebhashe dialect (section)

== Grammar ==
The accepted word order of Arebhashe is [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject-object-verb), same as of Kannada languages.<ref name="Vyakarana">{{cite book |last1=Gowda |first1=Prof.K. Kushalappa |title=Arebase (Gowda Kannada) Vyakarana |date=2019 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrithi Mathu Sahitya Academy |location=Sullia |pages=30}}</ref> This language has less breathy letters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bilimale |first1=Purushothama |title=Valase, Sangharsa Mattu Samanvaya : Sulya Parisarada Gauda Samudayada Samskrtika Adhyayana |date=2019 |publisher=Aakrithi Aashaya Publications, Mangaluru |location=Mangaluru |isbn=978-81-939906-4-3 |pages=406}}</ref> This is one of the specialties of the Dravidian Language. There is a very close connection to [[Kundagannada dialect|Kundagannada]] and [[Havigannada dialect]]. The gender distinction in Arebhashe is as similar to Brahui, a member of the North Dravidian linguistic system. There is no female gender distinction and no difference in the plural masculine, neuter gender.<ref>"Gender Distinction in Gowda Kannada." In Studies in Indian Linguistics, Krishnamurti H D, 1969, pp. 212-220</ref> Arebhashe is different from the Kannada language and has difficult to understand accent and words because of its special vowels and colloquialism.<ref name="mad"/><ref>{{cite journal |first=Preethi V. |last=Kamat |title=Arebhashe: A Language with a rich cultural History |journal=Karnataka News |date=30 December 2021 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=23–25 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arebhashe_A_Langauge_with_a_rich_cultural_History.pdf}}</ref> Arebhashe is also influenced and got words from Southwestern languages such as Tulu and Malayalam. 

=== Phonology ===
The study of sounds in speech is known as [[phonology]]. The Arebhashe has 22 consonants and 13 vowels.{{clarify|date=April 2024|reason=The vowel table shows 10, not 13}} There are no breathy letters in Arebhashe like Kannada language.<ref name="Vyakarana" />

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} (ಇ)
| {{IPA link|iː}} (ಈ)
| {{IPA link|u}} (ಉ)
| {{IPA link|uː}} (ಊ)
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} (ಎ)
| {{IPA link|eː}} (ಏ)
| {{IPA link|o}} (ಒ)
| {{IPA link|oː}} (ಓ)
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA link|ɐ}} (ಅ)
| {{IPA link|aː}} (ಆ)
|}

* {{IPA|/ɐ/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} are phonetically central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɐ}}, {{IPAplink|äː}}]}}. {{IPA|/ɐ/}} may be as open as {{IPA|/aː/}} ({{IPAblink|ä}}) or higher {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center href="V K Gokak"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! href="Kavirajamarga" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br />[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! href="Adipurana" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}} (ಮ)
|{{IPA link|n}} (ನ)
|{{IPA link|ɳ}} (ಣ)
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} (ಞ)
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} (ಙ)
|
|- href="Eastern Chalukyas#Connection between Kannada and Telugu literature"
! rowspan="2" href="Kadambas of Goa" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}} (ಪ)
|{{IPA link|t̪}} (ತ)
|{{IPA link|ʈ}} (ಟ)
|{{IPA link|tʃ}} (ಚ)
|{{IPA link|k}} (ಕ)
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|{{IPA link|b}} (ಬ)
|{{IPA link|d̪}} (ದ)
|{{IPA link|ɖ}} (ಡ)
|{{IPA link|dʒ}} (ಜ)
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} (ಗ)
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}} (ಸ)
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}} (ಹ)
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|ʋ}} (ವ)
|{{IPA link|l}} (ಲ)
|{{IPA link|ɭ}} (ಳ)
|{{IPA link|j}} (ಯ)
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}} (ರ)
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''English'''
! '''[[Kannada]]'''
! '''[[Arebhashe]]'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nidinji |first1=Dr.Karunakara |title=Negebeku Kedege Gone Hange |date=13 March 2021|publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrithi Mathu Sahitya Academy }}</ref>
|-
| I
| Nānu (ನಾನು)
| Nā (ನಾನು / ನಾ)
|-
| We
| Nāvu (ನಾವು)
| Nāv (ನಾವ್/ನಾವು)
|-
| You (Singular)
| Nīnu (ನೀನು)
| Nī (ನೀ)
|-
| You (Plural)
| Nīvu (ನೀವು)
| Nīv (ನೀವ್/ನೀವು)
|-
| He
| Avanu (ಅವನು)
| Ava (ಅಂವ)
|-
| She
| Avalu (ಅವಳು)
| Avlu (ಅವ್ಳ್)
|-
| It
| Adu (ಅದು)
| Adh(ಅದ್)
|-
|-
| They (Neutral)
| Avaru (ಅವರು)
| Avu (ಅವ್)
|}

==== Cases ====
Arebhashe has eight cases:<ref>Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich. [[A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages]]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003. Print.</ref>  Because the traditional study of Arebhashe grammar is based on [[Kannada grammar]] and in turn, Kannada grammar is based on [[Sanskrit]] grammar, a fifth case (since the dative case is the fourth case and the genitive case is the sixth in the traditional order of the cases) is sometimes considered: the [[ablative case]]	(ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ). This case is formed periphrastically by combining the [[genitive case]] of the noun supposedly in the ablative with the instrumental-case form of the noun 'ದೆಸೆ', meaning 'cause, vicinity, place, point'. Thus the Kannada [[ablative]] literally translates to 'from/by the cause/point of the {noun}'. However, this 'ablative' form is not commonly used colloquially, and exists only for propriety—it is not a true case, serving only to provide a parallel to the Sanskrit ablative.<ref name=":1">Ziegler, F. ''A Practical Key to the [[Kannada Language]]''. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1984. Print.</ref> In its place, the third case, the instrumental-ablative case, is normally used.

The [[nominative]] is unmarked in Arebhashe. The Accusative-Genitive and Instrumental-Ablative are [[homophonous]] pairs in Arebhashe, while in Kannada, only the latter pair is met with. The Locative marker occurs only in inanimate nouns. in Arebhashe, but in Kannada, it occurs inanimate nouns also. However, inanimate nouns in Kannada, when necessary, the Locative sense is expressed by Postpositions. The distinction between the [[Accusative]] and [[Genitive]] is sometimes determined in -a ending [[Animate noun|inanimate]] nouns, by the kind of Inflexional increments with which they occur. e.g. mara-n-a kaɖi ಮರ-ನ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree' (Acc), mara-d-a gellɨ ಮರ-ದ-ಅ-ಗೆಲ್ಲ್ 'branch of the tree'. Such instances are rare in number and moreover, -n- is sometimes used in both functions. e.g. mara-n-a gellɨ mara-d-a gellɨ 'branch of the tree', mara-n-a kad̪i‌ ಮರ-ನ-ಅ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree'. This variation, perhaps be explained through old Kannada examples, where we come across a few words of the inanimate class taking the same ending as the animate class. e.g. mara-n-a ಮರ-ನ-ಅ 'of the tree', koɭan-a ಕೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the lake', polan-a ಪೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the field' etc. -n occurring before the case marker, perhaps indicates the Singular number, since, these are the concrete objects and therefore countable. Abstract nouns, or the objects which occur in a group or mass, are treated with -m ending. e.g. guɳam ಗುಣಂ 'good character' (Nom), and such nouns will have -d- as Inflexional increment before case markers other than the Dative. e.g. guna-d-a ಗುಣ-ದ-ಅ of the good character', ku:ʈa-d-a ಕೂಟ-ದ-ಅ 'of the gathering', ru:pa-d-a ರೂಪ-ದ-ಅ 'of the beauty. Though this irregularity in pattern was levelled in middle and modern Kannada Arebhashe, seems to have retained the old pattern in having the variation regarding the Inflexional Increments, referred to above.<ref name="Gowda Kannada"/>

=== Cases table ===
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Case'''
| '''<nowiki>'Standard Kannada' Case-termination</nowiki>'''
| '''Arebhashe Case'''
|-
| [[nominative case]] ಪ್ರಥಮಾ(ಕರ್ತೃವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-kartr̥vibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಉ | maravu(ಮರವು)</nowiki>
| Ø
|-
| [[accusative case]] ದ್ವಿತೀಯಾ(ಕರ್ಮವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-karmavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಅನ್ನು | maravannu(ಮರವನ್ನು)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ನ | mara-na(ಮರನ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[instrumental case]] ತೃತೀಯಾ(ಕರಣವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-karaṇavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಇಂದ | mara-dinda(ಮರದಿಂದ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ನ್ದ | mara-nda(ಮರಂದ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[dative case]] ಚತುರ್ಥೀ(ಸಂಪ್ರದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-sampradānavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಇಗೆ/ಇಕ್ಕೆ | mara-kke(ಮರಕ್ಕೆ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಕೆ/ಗೆ - ke/ge/nge | mara-ke(ಮರಕೆ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[ablative case]]  ಪಂಚಮೀ(ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-apādānavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ದೆಸೆಯಿಂದ | marada-deseyinda(ಮರದ ದೆಸೆಯಿಂದ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ನ್ದ | mara-nda(ಮರಂದ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[genitive case]] ಷಷ್ಠೀ(ಸಂಬಂಧವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-saṃbandhavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಅ | mara-da(ಮರದ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಅ | mara-na/a(ಮರನ/ಮರ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[locative case]] ಸಪ್ತಮೀ(ಅಧಿಕರಣವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-adhikaraṇavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಅಲ್ಲಿ | marada-alli(ಮರದಲ್ಲಿ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಲಿ | mara-li(ಮರಲಿ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[vocative case]] ಸಂಭೋದನಾ(ಸಂಬೋಧನಾವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-saṃbōdhanāvibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಏ | mara-vē(ಮರವೇ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಏ | mara-vē(ಮರವೇ)</nowiki>
|}

==== Accusative case ====
:{a} / -a  / -na
:''/ -a occurs after [[noun]]s stem ending in [[consonant]]s.''
:E.g.  '''/ -a''' : 'It' - ad-ar-a - ಅದ್‌-ಅರ್‌-ಅ; 'them' - av-ar-a - ಅವ್-ಅರ್-ಅ; 'whom' - ya:r-a - ಯಾ-ರ್-ಅ

:''/ -na occurs elsewhere''.
:E.g. '''/ -na''' : 'elder sister'-akka-na-ಅಕ್ಕ-ನ; 'mother'-avva-na-ಅವ್ವ-ನ; 'father'-appa-na-ಅಪ್ಪ-ನ; 'the tree'-mara-na-ಮರ-ನ; 'the blind woman'-kurd-i-na-ಕುರ್ಡ್-ಇ-ನ

==== Instrumental case ====
{-nda}-da nda
: ''/ -da occurs after -n ending stems in [[demonstrative]]s''.
: E.g. '''/ -da''' : 'by him'-av-á-n-da-ಅವ್-ಅ-ನ್‌-ದ 'by this man'-iv-a-n-da-ಇವ್-‌ಅ-ನ್‌-ದ

: ''/ -nda occurs elsewhere''.
:E.g. '''/ -nda''' : 'by father'-appa-nda-ಅಪ್ಪ-ನ್‌ದ; 'by the tree'-mara-nda-ಮರ-ನ್‌ದ;  'by it or her'-ad-ar-nda-ಅದ್‌-ಅರ್‌-ನ್‌ದ 'by the cat'-kotti-nda-ಕೊತ್ತಿ-ನ್‌ದ 'by the ladder'-e:ni-nda-ಏಣಿ-ನ್‌ದ

==== Dative case ====
{ ɲge } /-ke /-ɲge /-ge
: ''/-ke occurs after the [[noun stem]]s having the Inflexional increment -k, and also after the [[Demonstrative]] and [[Interrogative]] [[pronoun]]s.''
: E.g. /-ke : 'to the tree'-mara-k-ke-ಮರ-ಕ್‌-ಕೆ(ಮರಕ್ಕೆ) 'to the book'-pustaka-k-ke-ಪುಸ್ತಕ-ಕ-ಕೆ; 'to the money-haɲa-k-ke-ಹಣ-ಕ-ಕೆ;  'to it'-adi-ke- ಅದಿ-ಕೆ  'to this'-idi-ke-ಇದಿ-ಕೆ;  'to which'-ya-di-ke-ಯಾ-ದಿ-ಕೆ;  to which (pl)-ya:vu-ke-ಯಾ-ಉ-ಕೆ(ಯಾವಕ್ಕೆ)

: ''/-ɲge  occurs after -a ending [[Noun stem]]s belonging to animate class.''
: E.g. '''/-ɲge''' : 'to father'-appa-ɲge-ಅಪ್ಪ-ನ್‌ಗೆ;  'to mother'-avva-ɲge-ಅವ್ವ-ನ್‌ಗೆ; 'to elder sister'-akka-ɲge-ಅಕ್ಕ-ನ್‌ಗೆ; to the buffalo-ko:ɲa-ɲge-ಕೋಣ-ನ್‌ಗೆ  to the parrot-gi:ɲa-ɲge-ಗಿಣ-ನ್‌ಗೆ

: /-ge occurs elsewhere.
: E.g. '''/-ge''' : 'to the donkey'-katte-ge-ಕತ್ತೆ-ಗೆ  'to the coat'-ko:țu-ge-ಕೋಟು-ಗೆ  'to the car'ka:rɨ-ge-ಕಾರ್-ಗೆ