Editing Arnuwanda I (section)

==Sole reign==
===Western border - the Problems with Madduwatta===
When Tudḫaliya II died and Arnuwanda I became sole king, he continued to face the problems caused by the machinations of Madduwatta.<ref>Freu 2007b: 120.</ref> The latter undertook hostile actions in the regions of Šallapa and Pittaša and made an alliance with his erstwhile enemy Kupanta-Kurunta of Arzawa, whom he offered his daughter as wife; nevertheless, Madduwatta portrayed this as a ploy against Kupanta-Kurunta, while protesting his loyalty to Arnuwanda.<ref>Bryce 2005: 134; Freu 2007b: 120-121; Yakubovich 2008: 98-99.</ref> Madduwatta attacked the rebellious land of Ḫapalla, ostensibly on behalf of the Hittite monarch, but followed his own interests in annexing it, and in intervening farther afield to the south, in the Lukka lands and as far as [[Alasiya|Alašiya]] ([[Cyprus]]). The last conquest was possibly undertaken in cooperation with another old enemy, Attaršiya of Aḫḫiya, and again elicited protest from Arnuwanda.<ref>Bryce 2005: 135-136; Freu 2007b: 121-122.</ref> The Hittite monarch reclaimed Ḫapalla, but further developments with Madduwatta and Kupanta-Kurunta remain unclear.

The latter’s possible successor Uḫḫa-zalma (or Ḫuḫḫa-zalma) concluded a treaty with Arnuwanda.<ref>Freu 2007b: 123, 132-133.</ref> Later, King [[Tarhuntaradu|Tarḫunt-aradu]] of Arzawa would expand at Hittite expense and correspond with the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|Egyptian]] pharaoh [[Amenhotep III]] as a fellow great king.<ref>Craig Melchert (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=9ut5DwAAQBAJ&dq=arnuwanda+concentric+invasions&pg=PA56 The Luwians.] pp. 383. Brill. p. 56</ref>

===Northern border===
Closer to home, on the northern frontier, Arnuwanda was faced with the incursions of the [[Kaskians|Kaška]], who raided and plundered numerous towns and temples, including the important sanctuary of Nerik, which had to be abandoned to the enemy. In addition to police actions and the conclusion of treaties with Kaška leaders, Arnuwanda and his wife Ašmu-Nikkal offered up formal prayers to the gods, asking for their assistance in containing the threat.<ref>Bryce 2005: 142-143; Freu 2007b: 119, 123, 135-144; Weeden 2022: 569.</ref> Given the gravity of the situation, Arnuwanda also exacted oaths of loyalty from military commanders near the frontiers, both in the north and south.<ref>Bryce 2005: 142-143; Freu 2007b: 144-148; Weeden 2022: 568-569.</ref> When the Hittite vassal at Paḫḫuwa, Mita, married the daughter of a declared enemy of the Hittite monarch, Ušapa, Arnuwanda convened a public assembly, condemned Mita’s actions and demanded universal support in suppressing any disloyalty at Paḫḫuwa. The surviving sources do not preserve the resolution of the issue.<ref>Bryce 2005: 143-144.</ref> Within the context of the tensions with Mita of Paḫḫuwa, there is reference to Arnuwanda’s military intervention in the area of Kummaḫa (probably modern [[Kemah, Erzincan|Kemah]]).<ref>Freu 2007b: 117, 123-126.</ref>

===Other events===
Preoccupied with issues in Anatolia, Arnuwanda does not appear to have pursued an active policy in Syria. Here, [[Artatama I]], the king of [[Mitanni|Mittani]], concluded an alliance with [[Thutmose IV]] of [[New Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]], sending pharaoh his daughter as wife and effectively agreeing to a division of the region between Egypt and Mittani, which would last until the victorious campaigns of Arnuwanda’s second successor, [[Šuppiluliuma I]].<ref>Bryce 2005: 144-145; Freu 2007b: 126-127.</ref> For his part, Arnuwanda resettled warriors from Išmerik (perhaps [[Siverek]] in northern Mesopotamia) and their families in Hittite-held [[Kizzuwatna]].<ref>Freu 2007b: 127-131.</ref> A treaty bound the elders of Ura (at or near [[Silifke]]) on the Mediterranean coast with the Hittite monarch, ensuring his access to the sea.<ref>Freu 2007b: 134-135.</ref>