Editing Audiobook (section)

===United States===
====Beginnings to 1970====
Many short, spoken word recordings were sold on cylinder in the late 19th and early 20th century;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberbee.com/edison/cylinder.html |title=Cylinder Recordings |publisher=Cyberbee.com |access-date=2 August 2012}}</ref> however, the round cylinders were limited to about 4 minutes each making books impractical;<ref name=rubery/> flat platters increased to 12 minutes but this too was impractical for longer works.<ref name=rubery/> "One early listener complained that he would need a wheelbarrow to carry around talking books recorded on discs with such limited storage capacity."<ref name=rubery/> By the 1930s close-grooved records increased to 20 minutes making possible longer narrative.<ref name=rubery/>

In 1931, the [[American Foundation for the Blind]] (AFB) and Library of Congress Books for the Adult Blind Project established the "Talking Books Program" ([[Books for the Blind]]), which was intended to provide reading material for veterans injured during World War I and other visually impaired adults.<ref name=rubery/> The first test recordings in 1932 included a chapter from [[Helen Keller]]'s ''Midstream'' and [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s "[[The Raven]]".<ref name=rubery/> The organization received congressional approval for exemption from copyright and free postal distribution of talking books.<ref name=rubery/> The first recordings made for the Talking Books Program in 1934 included sections of the Bible; the Declaration of Independence and other patriotic documents; plays and sonnets by Shakespeare; and fiction by [[Gladys Hasty Carroll]], [[E. M. Delafield]], [[Cora Jarrett]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[John Masefield]], and [[P. G. Wodehouse]].<ref name=rubery/> To save costs and quickly build inventories of audiobooks, Britain and the United States shared recordings in their catalogs. By looking at old catalogs, historian Matthew Rubery has "probably" identified the first British-produced audiobook as [[Agatha Christie]]'s ''[[The Murder of Roger Ackroyd]]'', read by Anthony McDonald in 1934.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rubery |first1=Matthew |title=Britain's First Talking Book: An Update |url=https://audiobookhistory.wordpress.com/2018/11/05/britains-first-talking-book-an-update/ |website=Audiobook History |date=5 November 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic (RFBD, later renamed [[Learning Ally]]) was founded in 1948 by Anne T. Macdonald, a member of the [[New York Public Library]]'s Women's Auxiliary, in response to an influx of inquiries from soldiers who had lost their sight in combat during [[World War II]]. The newly passed ''[[GI Bill of Rights]]'' guaranteed a college education to all veterans, but texts were mostly inaccessible to the recently blinded veterans, who did not read [[Braille]] and had little access to live readers. Macdonald mobilized the women of the Auxiliary under the motto "Education is a right, not a privilege". Members of the Auxiliary transformed the attic of the New York Public Library into a studio, recording textbooks using then state-of-the-art six-inch vinyl [[SoundScriber]] phonograph discs that played approximately 12 minutes of material per side. In 1952, Macdonald established recording studios in seven additional cities across the United States.

[[Caedmon Records]] was a pioneer in the audiobook business. It was the first company dedicated to selling spoken work recordings to the public and has been called the "seed" of the audiobook industry.<ref name="npr2002">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=866406 |title=Caedmon: Recreating the Moment of Inspiration |work=NPR [[Morning Edition]] |date=5 December 2002 |access-date=6 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307094031/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=866406 |archive-date=7 March 2014 }}</ref> Caedmon was formed in New York in 1952 by college graduates Barbara Holdridge and Marianne Roney.<ref name="npr2002" /> Their first release was a collection of poems by [[Dylan Thomas]] as read by the author.<ref name="npr2002" /> The [[LP record|LP]]'s B-side contained ''[[A Child's Christmas in Wales]]'', which was added as an afterthought. The story was obscure and Thomas himself could not remember its title when asked what to use to fill up the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]]—but this recording went on to become one of his most loved works, and launched Caedmon into a successful company.<ref name="npr2002" /> The original 1952 recording was a selection for the 2008 [[United States National Recording Registry]], stating it is "credited with launching the audiobook industry in the United States".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/nrpb-2008reg.html |title=The National Recording Registry 2008 |access-date=9 January 2012 |work=National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress |publisher=The Library of Congress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324083253/http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/nrpb-2008reg.html |archive-date=24 March 2012 }}</ref> Caedmon used [[LP record|LP]] records, invented in 1948, which made longer recordings more affordable and practical, however most of their works were poems, plays and other short works, not unabridged books due to the LP's limitation of about a 45-minute playing time (combined sides). 

[[Listening Library]]<ref name="Kids and Teens">{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinrandomhouseaudio.com/kids-and-teens/|title=Kids and Teens|access-date=1 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104062538/http://www.penguinrandomhouseaudio.com/kids-and-teens/|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>  was also a pioneering company, it was one of the first to distribute children's audiobooks to schools, libraries and other special markets, including VA hospitals.<ref name="maughan">{{cite web |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20050307/17853-sounds-like-celebration.html |title=Sounds Like Celebration |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |author=Shannon Maughan |date=7 March 2005 |access-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319061319/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20050307/17853-sounds-like-celebration.html |archive-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> It was founded by Anthony Ditlow and his wife in 1955 in their [[Red Bank, New Jersey]] home; Ditlow was partially blind.<ref name="maughan" /> Another early pioneering company was [[Spoken Arts]] founded in 1956 by Arthur Luce Klein and his wife, they produced over 700 recordings and were best known for poetry and drama recordings used in schools and libraries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/21/arts/arthur-klein-81-made-literary-recordings.html |title=Arthur Klein, 81. Made Literary Recordings |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 April 1997 |access-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330160805/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/21/arts/arthur-klein-81-made-literary-recordings.html |archive-date=30 March 2014 }}</ref> Like Caedemon, Listening Library and Spoken Arts benefited from the new technology of LPs, but also increased governmental funding for schools and libraries beginning in the 1950s and 60s.<ref name="maughan" />

====1970 to 1996====
Though spoken recordings were popular in {{frac|33|1|3}} vinyl record format for schools and libraries into the early 1970s, the beginning of the modern retail market for audiobooks can be traced to the wide adoption of [[cassette tape]]s during the 1970s.<ref name=blake>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/SomethingNewHasBeenAdded |title=Information Literacies for the Twenty-First Century |chapter=Something New Has Been Added: Aural Literacy and Libraries |publisher=G. K. Hall & Co. |author=Virgil L. P. Blake |year=1990 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/SomethingNewHasBeenAdded/page/n0 203]–218 |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref> Cassette tapes were invented in 1962 and a few libraries, such as the Library of Congress, began distributing books on cassette by 1969.<ref name=blake/> However, during the 1970s, a number of technological innovations allowed the cassette tape wider usage in libraries and also spawned the creation of new commercial audiobook market.<ref name=blake/> These innovations included the introduction of small and cheap portable players such as the [[Walkman]], and the widespread use of cassette decks in cars, particularly imported Japanese models which flooded the market during the multiple energy crises of the decade.<ref name=blake/>

In the early 1970s, instructional recordings were among the first commercial products sold on cassette.<ref name=blake/> There were 8 companies distributing materials on cassette with titles such as ''Managing and Selling Companies'' (12 cassettes, $300) and ''Executive Seminar in Sound'' on a series of 60-minute cassettes.<ref name=blake/> In libraries, most books on cassette were still made for blind and disabled people, however some new companies saw the opportunity for making audiobooks for a wider audience, such as [[Voice Over Books]] which produced abridged best-sellers with professional actors.<ref name=blake/> Early pioneers included Olympic gold medalist [[Duvall Hecht]] who in 1975 founded the California-based [[Books on Tape (company)|Books on Tape]] as a direct to consumer mail order rental service for unabridged audiobooks and expanded their services selling their products to libraries and audiobooks gaining popularity with commuters and travelers.<ref name=blake/> In 1978, Henry Trentman, a traveling salesman who listened to sales tapes while driving long distances, had the idea to create quality unabridged recordings of classic literature read by professional actors.<ref name=blades/> His company, the Maryland-based [[Recorded Books]], followed the model of Books on Tape but with higher quality studio recordings and actors.<ref name=blades>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/05/21/the-olivier-of-books-on-audio-tape/ |title=The Olivier Of Books On Audio Tape |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |author=John Blades |date=21 May 1991 |access-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140113201134/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-05-21/features/9102150583_1_frank-muller-hamlet-cassette-book/2 |archive-date=13 January 2014 }}</ref> Recorded Books and [[Chivers Audio Books]] were the first to develop integrated production teams and to work with professional actors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://booksalley.com/bAMain/bAlleyT02_Museum.php |title=A Brief History of Audio Books |publisher=Booksalley.com |date=18 September 2007 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709022228/http://booksalley.com/bAMain/bAlleyT02_Museum.php |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

By 1984, there were eleven audiobook publishing companies, they included Caedmon, Metacom, Newman Communications, Recorded Books, Brilliance and Books on Tape.<ref name=blake/> The companies were small, the largest had a catalog of 200 titles.<ref name=blake/> Some abridged titles were being sold in bookstores, such as [[Walden Books]], but had negligible sales figures, many were sold by mail-order subscription or through libraries.<ref name=blake/> However, in 1984, [[Brilliance Audio]] invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette thus allowing for affordable unabridged editions.<ref name=blake/> The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.<ref name=blake/> This opened the market to new opportunities and by September 1985, ''Publishers Weekly'' identified twenty-one audiobook publishers.<ref name=blake/> These included new major publishers such as Harper and Row, Random House, and Warner Communications.<ref name=blake/>

1986 has been identified as the turning point in the industry, when it matured from an experimental curiosity.<ref name=blake/> A number of events happened: the [[Audio Publishers Association]], a professional non-profit trade association, was established by publishers who joined to promote awareness of spoken word audio and provide industry statistic.<ref name=blake/> Time-Life began offering members audiobooks.<ref name=blake/> [[Book-of-the-Month]] club began offering audiobooks to its members, as did the [[Literary Guild]]. Other clubs such as the [[History Book Club]], Get Rich Club, Nostalgia Book Club, Scholastic club for children all began offering audiobooks.<ref name=blake/> Publishers began releasing religious and inspirational titles in Christian bookstores. By May 1987, ''Publishers Weekly'' initiated a regular column to cover the industry.<ref name=blake/> By the end of 1987, the audiobook market was estimated to be a $200 million market, and audiobooks on cassette were being sold in 75% of regional and independent bookstores surveyed by ''Publishers Weekly''.<ref name=blake/> By August 1988 there were forty audiobook publishers, about four times as many as in 1984.<ref name=blake/>

By the middle of the 1990s, the audio publishing business grew to 1.5 billion dollars a year in retail value.<ref name=hendren>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-29-fi-40128-story.html |title=Recorded Books: Winning War With Rush-Hour Traffic : Commuting: Henry Trentman says his audio books are the 'world's greatest tranquilizer' for stressed-out drivers. |work=Los Angeles Times |author=Hendren, John |date=29 August 1995 |access-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140112055246/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-29/business/fi-40128_1_recorded-books |archive-date=12 January 2014 }}</ref> In 1996, the Audio Publishers Association established the [[Audie Awards]] for audiobooks, which is equivalent to the Oscar for the audiobook industry. The nominees are announced each year by February. The winners are announced at a gala banquet in May, usually in conjunction with [[BookExpo America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://booksalley.com/bAMain/bAlleyAwards.php |title=Audie Award |publisher=Booksalley.com |access-date=2 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111028210715/http://booksalley.com/bAMain/bAlleyAwards.php |archive-date=28 October 2011 }}</ref>

====1996 to present====
With the spread of the Internet to consumers in the 1990s, faster download speeds with broadband technologies, new compressed audio formats and portable media players, the popularity of audiobooks increased significantly during the late 1990s and 2000s. In 1997, [[Audible (store)|Audible]] pioneered the world's first mass-market [[Mobile digital media player|digital media player]], named "[[The Audible Player]]",<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980118092012/http://www.audible.com/audible/9_15_97.html |archive-date=18 January 1998 |url=http://www.audible.com/audible/9_15_97.html |title=Progressive Networks and Audible Inc. Team Up to Make RealAudio Mobile |publisher=[[Audible.com]] |date=15 September 1997 |access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> it retailed for $200, held 2 hours of audio and was touted as being "smaller and lighter than a [[Walkman]]", the popular cassette player used at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.audible.com/audible/the_player.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980118091417/http://www.audible.com/audible/the_player.html |archive-date=18 January 1998 |title=The Audible Player |publisher=[[Audible.com]] |year=1997 |access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> Digital audiobooks were a significant new milestone as they allowed listeners freedom from physical media such as cassettes and CMP3sas which required transportation through the mail, allowing instead instant download access from online libraries of unlimited size, and portability using comparatively small and lightweight devices. Audible.com was the first to establish a website, in 1998, from which digital audiobooks could be purchased.

Another innovation was the creation of [[LibriVox]] in 2005 by Montreal-based writer Hugh McGuire who posed the question on his blog: "Can the net harness a bunch of volunteers to help bring books in the public domain to life through [[podcasting]]?" Thus began the creation of public domain audiobooks by volunteer narrators. By the end of 2021, LibriVox had a catalog of over 16,870 works.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.librivox.org/viewtopic.php?p=1989405#p1989405 |title=LibriVox stats |publisher=LibriVox |author=MaryAnnSpiegel |date=1 January 2022 |access-date=11 January 2022 }}</ref>

The transition from vinyl, to cassette, to CD, to MP3CD, to digital download has been documented by [[Audio Publishers Association]] in annual surveys (the earlier transition from record to cassette is described in the section on the 1970s). The final year that cassettes represented greater than 50% of total market sales was 2002.<ref name=apa2004>[http://www.audiopub.org/LinkedFiles/APA_Fact_Sheet.pdf Audio Publishers Association Fact Sheet] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026033037/http://www.audiopub.org/LinkedFiles/APA_Fact_Sheet.pdf |date=26 October 2010 }} (also includes some historical perspective in the 1950s by Marianne Roney)</ref> Cassettes were replaced by CDs as the dominant medium during 2003–2004. CDs reached a peak of 78% of sales in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audiopub.org/pdfs/2008%20sales%20consumer%20final.pdf |title=More Americans Are All Ears To Audiobooks |publisher=[[Audio Publishers Association]] |author=Kaitlin Friedmann |date=15 September 2008 |access-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221053403/http://www.audiopub.org/pdfs/2008%20sales%20consumer%20final.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> then began to decline in favor of digital downloads. The 2012 survey found CDs accounted for "nearly half" of all sales meaning it was no longer the dominant medium (APA did not report the digital download figures for 2012, but in 2011 CDs accounted for 53% and digital download was 41%).<ref name=ap2012>{{cite web|title=Audiobooks Industry Showing Enormous Growth |url=http://www.audiopub.org/2013SalesSurveyPR.pdf |access-date=27 February 2014 |author=The Audio Publishers Association |date=21 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407025129/http://www.audiopub.org/2013SalesSurveyPR.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audiopub.org/resources-industry-data.asp#12CS |title=Industry Data |publisher=[[Audio Publishers Association]] |access-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319095205/http://www.audiopub.org/resources-industry-data.asp |archive-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> The APA estimates that audiobook sales in 2015 in digital format increased by 34% over 2014.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Another Banner Year of Robust Growth for the Audiobook Industry: Results from Audio Publishers Association Annual Sales Survey Shows 24% Increase in Audiobooks Sold |url=https://www.audiopub.org/uploads/pdf/2016-Sales-Survey-Release.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609123415/https://www.audiopub.org/uploads/pdf/2016-Sales-Survey-Release.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=9 June 2016 |publisher=Audio Publishers Association |date=23 May 2016 |access-date=12 June 2022 }} APA</ref>

The resurgence of audio storytelling is widely attributed to advances in mobile technologies such as [[smartphones]], [[tablet computer|tablets]], and multimedia entertainment systems in cars, also known as connected car platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/10/whats-behind-the-great-podcast-renaissance.html |title=What's Behind the Great Podcast Renaissance? |date=3 October 2014 |access-date=22 July 2015 |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |first=Kevin |last=Roose |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715223055/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/10/whats-behind-the-great-podcast-renaissance.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/podcasts-are-back--and-making-money/2014/09/25/54abc628-39c9-11e4-9c9f-ebb47272e40e_story.html |title=Podcasts are back—and making money |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=22 July 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Cecilia |last=Kang |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723082420/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/podcasts-are-back--and-making-money/2014/09/25/54abc628-39c9-11e4-9c9f-ebb47272e40e_story.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> Audio drama recordings are also now [[podcast]] over the internet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/dd2521a6-d178-11e4-86c8-00144feab7de.html |title=The resurgence of audio drama |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=22 July 2015 |work=[[Financial Times]] |first=Julius |last=Purcell |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723081433/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/dd2521a6-d178-11e4-86c8-00144feab7de.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref>

In 2014, Bob and Debra Deyan of [[Deyan Audio]] opened the Deyan Institute of Vocal Artistry and Technology, the world's first campus and school for teaching the art and technology of audiobook production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://audiobooker.booklistonline.com/2014/03/13/elevating-the-art-of-the-audiobook-deyan-institute-of-voice-artistry-technology/ |title=Elevating the Art of the Audiobook: Deyan Institute of Voice Artistry & Technology |work=Booklist |author=Mary Burkey |date=13 March 2014 |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613173042/http://audiobooker.booklistonline.com/2014/03/13/elevating-the-art-of-the-audiobook-deyan-institute-of-voice-artistry-technology/ |archive-date=13 June 2014 }}</ref>

In 2018, approximately 50,000 audiobooks were recorded in the United States with a sales growth of 20 percent year over year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Molly |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2018/05/30/portrait-of-the-voice-in-my-head/ |title=Portrait of the Voice in My Head |work=[[The Village Voice]] |date=30 May 2018 |access-date=31 May 2018 }}</ref> U.S. audiobook sales in 2019 totaled 1.2 billion dollars, up 16% from the previous year. In addition to the sales increase, Edison Research's national survey of American audiobook listeners ages 18 and up found that the average number of audiobooks listened to per year increased from 6.8 in 2019 to 8.1 in 2020.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Audiobooks Continue Their Market Rise with 16% Growth in Sales: Americans Are Listening to More Audiobooks than Ever |url=https://www.audiopub.org/uploads/pdf/2020-Consumer-Survey-and-2019-Sales-Survey-Press-Release-FINAL.pdf |publisher=Audio Publishers Association |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230174409/https://www.audiopub.org/uploads/pdf/2020-Consumer-Survey-and-2019-Sales-Survey-Press-Release-FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>