Editing BRCA2 (section)

== History ==
The BRCA2 gene was discovered in 1994 by a multi-institutional team of scientists, led by researchers at The Institute of Cancer Research, London.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, Swift S, Seal S, Mangion J, Collins N, Gregory S, Gumbs C, Micklem G | title = Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2 | journal = Nature | volume = 378 | issue = 6559 | pages = 789–792 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8524414 | doi = 10.1038/378789a0 | s2cid = 4346791 | bibcode = 1995Natur.378..789W }}</ref><ref name="pmid8091231"/><ref>[http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2012/02/29/high-impact-science-tracking-down-the-brca-genes-part-2/ High-Impact Science: Tracking down the BRCA genes (Part 2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303055450/https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2012/02/29/high-impact-science-tracking-down-the-brca-genes-part-2/ |date=2012-03-03 }} - Cancer Research UK science blog, 2012</ref> In 1996, [[Kenneth Offit]] and his research group at [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]] successfully identified the most common mutation on the gene associated with breast and ovarian cancer among individuals of [[Ashkenazi Jewish]] ancestry.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Kenneth Offit &#124; Breast Cancer Research Foundation &#124; BCRF |date=23 June 2014 |url=http://www.bcrfcure.org/researchers/kenneth-offit |access-date=2015-07-16 |publisher=Bcrfcure.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2003-02-25 |title=A revolution at 50; kenneth offit |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/25/science/a-revolution-at-50-kenneth-offit.html |access-date=2015-07-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=20 Years of Progress in Understanding Breast Cancer |url=https://www.mskcc.org/sites/default/files/node/28114/images/hereditary-breast-cancer-timeline.jpg |access-date=2015-07-17 |publisher=Mskcc.org |format=JPG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Kolata G |date=1996-10-02 |title=2d Breast Cancer Gene Found in Jewish Women |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/02/us/2d-breast-cancer-gene-found-in-jewish-women.html |access-date=2015-07-07 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The gene was first cloned by scientists at [[Myriad Genetics]], Endo Recherche, Inc., HSC Research & Development Limited Partnership, and the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=492Patent>{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 5837492 | status = patent | title = Chromosome 13-linked breast cancer susceptibility gene | gdate = 1998-11-17 | fdate =  1996-04-29 | inventor =  Tavtigian SV, Kamb A, Simard J, Couch F, Rommens JM, Weber BL | assign1 = Myriad Genetics, Inc., Endo Recherche, Inc., HSC Research & Development Limited Partnership, Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania }}</ref>

Methods to diagnose the likelihood of a patient with mutations in [[BRCA1]] and '''BRCA2''' getting cancer were covered by [[Biological patent|patents]] owned or controlled by [[Myriad Genetics]].<ref name="US_5747282">{{Ref patent  | country = US | number = 5747282  | status = patent  | title = 7Q-linked breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene  | pubdate =  | gdate = 1998-05-05  | fdate = 1995-06-07  | pridate = | inventor = Skolnick HS, Goldgar DE, Miki Y, Swenson J, Kamb A, Harshman KD, Shattuck-Eidens DM, Tavtigian SV, Wiseman RW, Futreal PA  | assign1 = Myriad Genetics, Inc., The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, | assign2 = University of Utah Research Foundation }}</ref><ref name="US_5837492">{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 5837492 | status = patent | title = Chromosome 13-linked breast cancer susceptibility gene | gdate = 1998-11-17 | fdate =  1996-04-29 | inventor = Tavtigian SV, Kamb A, Simard J, Couch F, Rommens JM, Weber BL | assign1 = Myriad Genetics, Inc., Endo Recherche, Inc., HSC Research & Development Limited Partnership, Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania }}</ref> Myriad's business model of exclusively offering the diagnostic test led from Myriad's beginnings as a startup in 1994 to its being a publicly traded company with 1200 employees and about $500M in annual revenue in 2012;<ref name=MyriadInvestorPage>[http://investor.myriad.com/index.cfm Myriad Investor Page—see "Myriad at a glance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018224334/http://investor.myriad.com/index.cfm |date=2012-10-18 }} accessed October 2012</ref> it also led to controversy over high test prices and the unavailability of second opinions from other diagnostic labs, which in turn led to the landmark ''[[Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics]]'' lawsuit.<ref name="SchwartzNYTimes">{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/13/health/13patent.html | title = Cancer Patients Challenge the Patenting of a Gene | author = Schwartz J  | date = 2009-05-12 | work = Health | publisher = New York Times }}</ref>