Editing Bioaccumulation (section)

=== Aquatic examples ===
[[Coastal fish]] (such as the [[smooth toadfish]]) and [[seabird]]s (such as the [[Atlantic puffin]]) are often monitored for [[heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metal]] bioaccumulation. [[Methylmercury]] gets into [[Fresh water|freshwater]] systems through industrial emissions and rain. As its concentration increases up the food web, it can reach dangerous levels for both fish and the humans who rely on fish as a food source.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-23|title=Mercury: What it does to humans and what humans need to do about it|url=https://www.iisd.org/ela/blog/commentary/mercury-humans-humans-need/|access-date=2020-07-06|website=IISD Experimental Lakes Area}}</ref>

Fish are typically assessed for bioaccumulation when they have been exposed to chemicals that are in their aqueous phases.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Alan. |first=Hoke, Robert |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/942770368 |title=Review of laboratory-based terrestrial bioaccumulation assessment approaches for organic chemicals : current status and future possibilities |oclc=942770368}}</ref> Commonly tested fish species include the [[Common Carp|common carp]], [[rainbow trout]], and [[bluegill sunfish]].<ref name=":3" /> Generally, fish are exposed to [[bioconcentration]] and bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in the environment through lipid layer uptake of water-borne chemicals.<ref name=":3" /> In other cases, the fish are exposed through ingestion/digestion of substances or organisms in the aquatic environment which contain the harmful chemicals.<ref name=":3" />

Naturally produced toxins can also bioaccumulate. The marine [[algal bloom]]s known as "[[red tide]]s" can result in local filter-feeding organisms such as [[mussel]]s and [[oyster]]s becoming toxic; coral reef fish can be responsible for the poisoning known as [[ciguatera]] when they accumulate a toxin called [[ciguatoxin]] from reef algae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Estevez |first1=Pablo |last2=Sibat |first2=Manoella |last3=Leão-Martins |first3=José Manuel |last4=Reis Costa |first4=Pedro |last5=Gago-Martínez |first5=Ana |last6=Hess |first6=Philipp |date=2020-04-21 |title=Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 as the Main Toxin Responsible for Ciguatera Poisoning Caused by Fish from European Atlantic Coasts |journal=Toxins |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=267 |doi=10.3390/toxins12040267 |doi-access=free |pmid=32326183 |pmc=7232264 |issn=2072-6651}}</ref> In some eutrophic aquatic systems, [[biodilution]] can occur. This is a decrease in a contaminant with an increase in trophic level, due to higher concentrations of algae and bacteria diluting the concentration of the pollutant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deines |first1=Peter |last2=Bodelier |first2=Paul L. E. |last3=Eller |first3=Gundula |date=May 2007 |title=Methane-derived carbon flows through methane-oxidizing bacteria to higher trophic levels in aquatic systems |url=https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01235.x |journal=Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=1126–1134 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01235.x |pmid=17472629 |bibcode=2007EnvMi...9.1126D |issn=1462-2912|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Han-Yang |last2=Costello |first2=Mark John |date=2023-09-07 |title=Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=11 |pages=e15880 |doi=10.7717/peerj.15880 |doi-access=free |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=10493087 |pmid=37701825}}</ref>

Wetland [[Ocean acidification|acidification]] can raise the chemical or metal concentrations, which leads to an increased [[bioavailability]] in marine plants and freshwater biota.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Albers|first1=Peter H.|last2=Camardese|first2=Michael B.|date=1993|title=Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 1. Constructed wetlands|url=https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/etc.5620120602|journal=[[Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry]]|language=en|volume=12|issue=6|pages=959–967|doi=10.1002/etc.5620120602|bibcode=1993EnvTC..12..959A |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Plants situated there which includes both rooted and submerged plants can be influenced by the bioavailability of metals.<ref name=":2" />