Editing Boiling frog (section)

==Experiments and analysis==
During the 19th century, several experiments were performed to observe the reaction of frogs to slowly heated water. In 1869, while doing experiments searching for the [[History of the location of the soul|location of the soul]], German physiologist [[Friedrich Goltz]] demonstrated that a frog that has had its [[brain]] removed will remain in slowly heated water, but an intact frog attempted to escape the water when it reached 25&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Offerman 2010"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jamesfallows.theatlantic.com/archives/2009/07/guest-post_wisdom_on_frogs.php|title=Guest-post wisdom on frogs|author=James Fallows|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=21 July 2009|access-date=2009-07-22 |author-link=James Fallows}}</ref>

Other 19th-century experiments were purported to show that frogs did not attempt to escape gradually heated water. An 1872 experiment by Heinzmann was said to show that a normal frog would not attempt to escape if the water was heated slowly enough,<ref>{{Harvnb|Sedgwick|1888|p=390}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01612252|title=Ueber die Wirkung sehr allmäliger Aenderungen thermischer Reize auf die Empfindungsnerven|journal=Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere|volume=6|pages=222–236|year=1872|last1=Heinzmann|first1=A.|s2cid=43608630|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2397982}}</ref> which was corroborated in 1875 by Fratscher.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sedgwick|1888|p=394}}</ref>

In 1888, [[William Thompson Sedgwick]] said that the apparent contradiction between the results of these experiments was a consequence of different heating rates used in the experiments: "The truth appears to be that if the heating be sufficiently gradual, no reflex movements will be produced even in the normal frog; if it be more rapid, yet take place at such a rate as to be fairly called 'gradual', it will not secure the response of the normal frog under any circumstances".<ref name="Sedgwick1888" /> Goltz had raised the temperature of the water from 17.5&nbsp;°C to 56&nbsp;°C in about ten minutes, or 3.8&nbsp;°C per minute, in his experiment, whereas Heinzmann heated the frogs over the course of 90 minutes from about 21&nbsp;°C to 37.5&nbsp;°C, a rate of less than 0.2&nbsp;°C per minute.<ref name="Offerman 2010"/> [[Edward Wheeler Scripture]] recounted this conclusion in ''The New Psychology'' (1897): "a live frog can actually be boiled without a movement if the water is heated slowly enough; in one experiment the temperature was raised at a rate of 0.002°C per second, and the frog was found dead at the end of 2½ hours without having moved."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scripture |first1=Edward Wheeler Scripture |title=The New Psychology |date=1897 |publisher=W. Scott Publishing Company|page=300 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Hr0aAAAAMAAJ/page/n325/mode/2up/ }}</ref>

Modern scientific sources report that the alleged phenomenon is not real. In 1995, [[Douglas A. Melton|Douglas Melton]], a biologist at [[Harvard University]], said, "If you put a frog in boiling water, it won't jump out. It will die. If you put it in cold water, it will jump before it gets hot—they don't sit still for you." George R. Zug, curator of reptiles and amphibians at the [[National Museum of Natural History]], also rejected the suggestion, saying that "If a frog had a means of getting out, it certainly would get out."<ref name=fastcompany /> In 2002, Victor H. Hutchison, a retired zoologist at the [[University of Oklahoma]] with a research interest in thermal relations of amphibians, said that "The legend is entirely incorrect!" He described how a [[critical thermal maximum]] for many frog species has been determined by contemporary research experiments: as the water is heated by about 2&nbsp;°F (about 1&nbsp;°C), per minute, the frog becomes increasingly active as it tries to escape, and eventually jumps out if it can.<ref name=ecoviews />

In 2018, researchers Agustín Camacho, Caroline Molina and Fernando Ribeiro, from the Department of Physiology of São Paulo's Biosciences Institute, made the test using Bullfrogs (''Rana catesbeiana''). They found the opposite result: when heated at slower rates, frogs jumped out at lower temperatures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guevara-Molina |first1=Estefany Caroline |last2=Gomes |first2=Fernando Ribeiro |last3=Camacho |first3=Agustín |date=2020-10-01 |title=Effects of dehydration on thermoregulatory behavior and thermal tolerance limits of Rana catesbeiana (Shaw, 1802) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306456520304939 |journal=Journal of Thermal Biology |volume=93 |pages=102721 |doi=10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102721 |pmid=33077134 |issn=0306-4565|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This phenomenon has been earlier observed in lizards <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Camacho |first1=Agustín |last2=Rusch |first2=Travis |last3=Ray |first3=Graham |last4=Telemeco |first4=Rory S. |last5=Rodrigues |first5=Miguel Trefaut |last6=Angilletta |first6=Michael J. |date=2018-04-01 |title=Measuring behavioral thermal tolerance to address hot topics in ecology, evolution, and conservation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306456517302553 |journal=Journal of Thermal Biology |volume=73 |pages=71–79 |doi=10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.01.009 |pmid=29549993 |issn=0306-4565|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and later in ants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=Cleverson |last2=Helene |first2=André Frazão |last3=Camacho |first3=Agustín |date=2022-03-01 |title=Leaf-cutting ants' critical and voluntary thermal limits show complex responses to size, heating rates, hydration level, and humidity |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B |language=en |volume=192 |issue=2 |pages=235–245 |doi=10.1007/s00360-021-01413-6 |issn=1432-136X |pmc=8894219 |pmid=34837117}}</ref> Camacho's interpretation for these results is that animals actually react to the amount of heat exchanged, which accumulates along with heating time and heating intensity during the experiments, and most likely also in the wild.