Editing Bolt action (section)

===Rotating bolt===
[[File:Zamek czterotaktowy.png|thumb|Rotating bolt scheme]]
Most of the bolt-action designs use a rotating bolt (or "turn pull") design, which involves the shooter doing an upward "rotating" movement of the handle to unlock the bolt from the breech and cock the [[firing pin]], followed by a rearward "pull" to open the breech, extract the spent cartridge case, then reverse the whole process to chamber the next cartridge and relock the breech. There are four major turn bolt-action designs: the [[Remington Model 700|Remington M-700]], possibly the single most numerous produced rifle in history which is now also used as basis for most custom competition rifle actions,<ref name="Tactec">{{cite web | title=Make Bolt Action Run Smoothly | website=Tactec | date=25 March 2022 | url=https://www.tactec.com/how-to-make-a-bolt-action-rifle-smoother/ | access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> {{Citation needed|reason=This citation is irrelevant to the information provided. |date=September 2024}} along with the [[Gewehr 98|Mauser]] system, the [[Lee–Enfield]] system, and the [[Mosin–Nagant]] system. 

All four differ in the way the bolt fits into the receiver, how the bolt rotates as it is being operated, the number of locking lugs holding the bolt in place as the gun is fired, and whether the action is cocked on the opening of the bolt (as in both the Mauser system and the Mosin Nagant system) or the closing of the bolt (as in the Lee–Enfield system). The vast majority of modern bolt-action rifles were made for the commercial market post-war, numbering in the tens of millions by Remington in the unique, and most accurate {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} Model 700, two of the others use the Mauser system, with other designs such as the Lee–Enfield system and the Mosin Nagant system, of only limited usage.

====Mauser====
{{Main|Mauser}}
[[File:Disassembled mauser long action.jpg|thumb|A disassembled [[Karabiner 98k]] action]]
{{anchor|Gewehr Bolt}}The Mauser bolt-action system is based on 19th-century Mauser bolt-action rifle designs and was finalized in the [[Gewehr 98]] designed by [[Paul Mauser]]. It is the most common bolt-action system in the world,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} being in use in nearly all modern hunting rifles and the majority of military bolt-action rifles until the middle of the 20th century. The Mauser system is stronger than that of the Lee–Enfield system, due to two locking lugs just behind the bolt head, which make it better able to handle higher-pressure cartridges (i.e. [[magnum cartridge]]s). The [[9.3×64mm Brenneke]] and [[8×68mm S]] magnum rifle cartridge "families" were designed for the Mauser M 98 bolt-action.

A novel safety feature was the introduction of a third locking lug present at the rear of the bolt that normally did not lock the bolt, since it would introduce asymmetrical locking forces. The Mauser system features "cock on opening", meaning the upward rotation of the bolt when the rifle is opened cocks the action. A drawback of the Mauser M 98 system is that it cannot be cheaply mass-produced very easily.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Many Mauser M 98-inspired derivatives feature technical alterations, such as omitting the third safety locking lug, to simplify production.

The [[controlled feed|controlled-feed]] on the Mauser M 98 bolt-action system is simple, strong, safe, and well-thought-out design that has inspired other military and sporting rifle designs that became available during the 20th century, including the:
*[[Gewehr 98]]/[[Mauser Standardmodell|Standardmodell]]/[[Karabiner 98k]]
*[[M24 series]]
*[[vz. 24]]/[[vz. 33]]
*[[Chiang Kai-Shek rifle|Type 24 rifle]]
*[[M1903 Springfield]]
*[[Pattern 1914 Enfield]]
*[[M1917 Enfield]]
*[[Arisaka]] [[Type 38 Rifle|Type 38]]/[[Type 99 Rifle|Type 99]]
*[[M48 Mauser]]
*[[Kb wz. 98a]]/[[Karabinek wz. 1929]]
*[[FR8|FR 7/FR 8]]
*modern hunting/sporting rifles like the [[CZ 550]], [[Heym Express Magnum]], [[Winchester Model 70]] and the [[Mauser M 98]]
*modern sniper rifles like the [[Sako TRG]], [[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare]] and [[GOL Sniper Magnum]]

Versions of the Mauser action designed prior to the Gewehr 98's introduction, such as that of the [[Swedish Mauser]] rifles and carbines, lack the third locking lug and feature a "cock on closing" operation.

====Lee–Enfield====
{{Main|Lee–Enfield}}
[[Image:SMLEAction.jpg|thumb|Close-up of the action on an SMLE Mk III rifle, showing the bolt head, magazine cut off, and [[stripper clip|charger clip]] guide.]]
The Lee–Enfield bolt-action system was introduced in 1889 with the [[Lee–Metford]] and later [[Lee–Enfield rifle]]s (the bolt system is named after the designer [[James Paris Lee]] and the barrel [[rifling]] after the [[Royal Small Arms Factory]] in the [[London Borough of Enfield]]), and is a "cock on closing" action in which the forward thrust of the bolt cocks the action. This enables a shooter to keep eyes on sights and targets uninterrupted when cycling the bolt. The ability of the bolt to flex between the lugs and chamber, which also keeps the shooter safer in case of a catastrophic chamber overpressure failure. 

The disadvantage of the rearward-located bolt lugs is that a larger part of the receiver, between chamber and lugs, must be made stronger and heavier to resist stretching forces. Also, the bolt ahead of the lugs may flex on firing which, although a safety advantage with repeated firing over time, this may lead to a stretched receiver and excessive headspacing, which if perceived as a problem can be remedied by changing the removable bolt head to a larger sized one (the Lee–Enfield bolt manufacture involved a mass production method where at final assembly the bolt body was fitted with one of three standard size bolt heads for correct [[Headspace (firearms)|headspace]]). In the years leading up to World War II, the Lee–Enfield bolt system was used in numerous commercial sporting and hunting rifles manufactured by such firms in the United Kingdom as BSA, LSA, and Parker–Hale, as well as by SAF Lithgow in Australia. Vast numbers of ex-military SMLE Mk III rifles were [[sporterised]] post WWII to create cheap, effective hunting rifles, and the Lee–Enfield bolt system is used in the M10 and No 4 Mk IV rifles manufactured by Australian International Arms. Rifle Factory Ishapore of India manufactures a hunting and sporting rifle chambered in .315 which also employs the Lee Enfield action.<ref name="rfi.gov.in">{{cite web | website=rfi.gov.in | url=http://rfi.gov.in/booking/prod/315_Sporting.htm | access-date=12 April 2021 | title=.315" Sporting Rifle }}</ref>

*Lee–Enfield (all marks and models)
*[[Rifle 7.62mm 2A1|Ishapore 2A1]]
*Various hunting/sporting rifles manufactured by [[Birmingham Small Arms Company|BSA]], [[London Small Arms Co. Ltd|LSA]], SAF Lithgow, and [[Parker Hale]]
*Australian International Arms M10 and No 4 Mk IV hunting/sporting rifles
*Rifle Factory Ishapore's hunting Lee Enfield rifle in .315

====Mosin–Nagant====
{{Main|Mosin–Nagant}}
The Mosin–Nagant action, created in 1891 and named after the designers [[Sergei Mosin]] and [[Léon Nagant]], differs significantly from the Mauser and Lee–Enfield bolt-action designs. The Mosin–Nagant design has a separate bolthead that rotates with the bolt and the bearing lugs, in contrast to the Mauser system where the bolthead is a non-removable part of the bolt. The Mosin–Nagant is also unlike the Lee–Enfield system where the bolthead remains stationary and the bolt body itself rotates. The Mosin–Nagant bolt is a somewhat complicated affair, but is extremely rugged and durable; like the Mauser, it uses a "cock on open" system. Although this bolt system has been rarely used in commercial sporting rifles (the Vostok brand target rifles being the most recognized) and has never been exported outside of Russia, although large numbers of military surplus Mosin–Nagant rifles have been [[Sporterising|sporterized]] for use as hunting rifles in the following years since the end of World War II.

====Swing====
[[File:Swing Mk4 Bolt Disassembled..jpg|thumb|Swing Mk4 Bolt Disassembled.]]
{{Main|Swing rifle}}
The Swing was developed in 1970 in the United Kingdom as a purpose-built target rifle for use in [[National Rifle Association (United Kingdom)|NRA]] competition. [[Fullbore target rifle]] competitions historically used accurised examples of the prevailing service rifle, but it was felt these had reached the end of their development potential.

The Swing bolt featured four lugs on the bolt head, at 45 degrees when closed - splitting the difference between the vertically locking Mauser and horizontally locking Enfield bolt designs. Supplied with [[Schultz & Larsen]] barrels and a trigger derived from the Finnish Mantari, the Swing was commercially successful, with the basic design reused in the Paramount, RPA Quadlock and Millenium rifles.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Laurie Ingram |title=The SWING SIN71 Rifle Prototype |journal=NRA Journal |date=2002 |volume=LXXXI |issue=Summer 2002 |page=24 |url=https://nra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2002summer.pdf |access-date=1 September 2022 |publisher=[[National Rifle Association (United Kingdom)|National Rifle Association]] |language=English}}</ref>

====Other designs====
[[File:Vetterli rifle action.jpg|thumb|Cutaway diagram of the Vetterli rifle's action]]
The [[Vetterli rifle]] was the first bolt-action repeating rifle introduced by an army. It was used by the [[Swiss army]] from 1869 to circa 1890. Modified Vetterlis were also used by the [[Royal Italian Army|Italian Army]]. Another notable design is the Norwegian [[Krag–Jørgensen]], which was used by Norway, Denmark, and briefly the United States. It is unusual among bolt-action rifles in that is loaded through a gate on the right side of the receiver, and thus can be reloaded without opening the bolt. 

The Norwegian and Danish versions of the Krag have two locking lugs, while the American version has only one. In all versions, the bolt handle itself serves as an emergency locking lug. The Krag's major disadvantage compared to other bolt-action designs is that it is usually loaded by hand, one round at a time, although a box-like device was made that could drop five rounds into the magazine, all at once via a stripper or en bloc clip. This made it slower to reload than other designs which used stripper or en bloc clips. Another historically important bolt-action system was the Gras system, used on the French Mle 1874 [[Gras rifle]], Mle 1886 [[Lebel rifle]] (which was the first to introduce ammunition loaded with nitrocellulose-based [[smokeless powder]]), and the [[Berthier rifle|Berthier]] series of rifles.