Editing Bone conduction (section)

=== History ===
The first bone conduction [[hearing aid]]s were invented in the 15th century. Italian physician [[Gerolamo Cardano|Girolamo Cardano]] realized that when a rod was placed between someone's teeth and attached the other end to a musical instrument, the person could hear the music despite their [[hearing loss]].<ref name = "Karger 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Mudry |first1=Albert |last2=Tjellström |first2=Anders |date=2011 |title=Historical Background of Bone Conduction Hearing Devices and Bone Conduction Hearing Aids |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/323569 |journal=Implantable Bone Conduction Hearing Aids |series=Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology |language=english |volume=71 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1159/000323569 |pmid=21389699|isbn=978-3-8055-9700-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This method was used by [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], as his hearing deteriorated towards the end of his life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=How a deaf Beethoven discovered bone conduction by attaching a rod to his piano and clenching it in his teeth |url=https://www.zmescience.com/science/how-a-deaf-beethoven-discovered-bone-conduction-by-attaching-a-rod-to-his-piano-and-clenching-it-in-his-teeth/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=ZME Science |language=en-US}}</ref> In the 1820s, French physician [[Jean Marc Gaspard Itard]] improved on this device by attaching the other end of the rod not to a musical instrument but to the mouth of another speaker. This invention was known as the Rod of Itard.<ref name="Hearing Health Matters 2012-03-26" /> In 1923, [[Hugo Gernsback]] created a new kind of bone conduction hearing aid called the "Osophone",<ref>{{cite patent|inventor-last=Gernsback|inventor-first=Hugo|inventor-link=Hugo Gernsback|publication-date=19 May 1923|issue-date=30 December 1924|title=Acoustic Apparatus|country-code=US|patent-number=1521287}}</ref> which he later elaborated on with his "Phonosone".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kennedy|first1=T. R. Jr.|year=1958|title=From Coherer to Spacistor|journal=Radio-Electronics|publisher=Gernsback Publications|volume=29|issue=4|pages=45–59|url=http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/RadioElectronics/Apr1958/Coherer_to_Spacistor.pdf|access-date=2010-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527005605/http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/RadioElectronics/Apr1958/Coherer_to_Spacistor.pdf|archive-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> Bone conduction hearing aids have also been fitted to glasses, which fit tightly to the side of the head.<ref name="Spectacle Hearing Systems 2022-03-02">{{Cite web |title=Bone Conduction Glasses - Spectacle Hearing Aids |url=https://www.spectaclehearingsystems.co.uk/boneconduction.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.spectaclehearingsystems.co.uk}}</ref>

In the 1970s, a team of doctors in [[Gothenburg]], most notably Anders Tjellström, had the idea to implant a bone vibrator plate into the [[Mastoid part of the temporal bone|mastoid bone]] with an adjoining screw that allowed an external audio processor to be attached to conduct sound. The first three patients were implanted in 1977. The device gave good results and became known as a [[bone-anchored hearing aid]], or BAHA.<ref name="Karger 2011" /> In 2012, this idea was taken a step further by the introduction of the BONEBRIDGE device. Whereas a BAHA implant is a percutaneous device that requires the screw abutment to protrude through the skin, the BONEBRIDGE is a transcutaneous device and is fully implanted under the skin. In this case, the audio processor is held in place by magnets.<ref>{{Cite journal |title= Percutaneous Versus Transcutaneous Bone Conduction Implant System|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23233979 |journal=  Otology & Neurotology|year=2008 |language=en |doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e31816fdc90|pmid=18769364 |last1=Håkansson |first1=B. |last2=Eeg-Olofsson |first2=M. |last3=Reinfeldt |first3=S. |last4=Stenfelt |first4=S. |last5=Granström |first5=G. |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1132–1139 |s2cid=12593723 }}</ref>