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Box jellyfish
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== Distribution == [[File:Indo-Pacific biogeographic region map-en.png|thumb|The Indo-Pacific ocean region]] Although the notoriously dangerous species of box jellyfish are largely restricted to the tropical [[Indo-Pacific]] region, various species of box jellyfish can be found widely in tropical and subtropical oceans (between 42Β° N and 42 Β°S),<ref name="Avian2021" /> including the Atlantic Ocean and the east Pacific Ocean, with species as far north as [[California]] (''[[Carybdea confusa]]''), the Mediterranean Sea (''[[Carybdea marsupialis]]'')<ref name="Pohl2017">{{cite journal | author1=Straehler-Pohl, I. | author2=G.I. Matsumoto | author3=M.J. Acevedo | year=2017 | title=Recognition of the Californian cubozoan population as a new species Carybdea confusa n. sp. (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida) | journal=Plankton Benthos Res | volume=12 | issue=2 | pages=129β138 | doi=10.3800/pbr.12.129| doi-access=free }}</ref> and Japan (such as ''[[Chironex yamaguchii]]''),<ref name="Cyamaguchii">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewis C, Bentlage B |year=2009 |title=Clarifying the identity of the Japanese Habu-kurage, ''Chironex yamaguchii'', sp nov (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2030 |pages=59β65 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02030p065f.pdf|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2030.1.5 }}</ref> and as far south as South Africa (such as ''[[Carybdea branchi]]'')<ref name="Cbranchi">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gershwin L, Gibbons M |year=2009 |title=''Carybdea branchi'', sp. nov., a new box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) from South Africa |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2088 |pages=41β50 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02088p050f.pdf|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2088.1.5 |hdl=10566/369 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and New Zealand (such as ''[[Copula sivickisi]]'').<ref>{{cite book |author=Gershwin L |year=2009 |chapter=Staurozoa, Cubozoa, Scyphozoa (Cnidaria) |editor=Gordon D |title=New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity |volume=1: Kingdom Animalia}}{{page needed|date=May 2014}}</ref> Though box jellies are known to inhabit the Indo-Pacific region, there is very little collected data or studies proving this. It was only in 2014, that the first ever box jelly sightings (Tripedalia cystophora) were officially published in Australia, Thailand and the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pongsakchat |first1=Vanida |last2=Kidpholjaroen |first2=Pattaraporn |date=2020-06-28 |title=The Statistical Distributions of PM2.5 in Rayong and Chonburi Provinces, Thailand |journal=Asian Journal of Applied Sciences |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.24203/ajas.v8i3.6153 |issn=2321-0893|doi-access=free }}</ref> There are three known species in Hawaiian waters, all from the genus ''[[Carybdea]]'': ''[[Carybdea alata|C. alata]]'', ''[[Carybdea rastoni|C. rastoni]]'', and ''[[Carybdea sivickisi|C. sivickisi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.waikikiaquarium.org/experience/animal-guide/invertebrates/jellies/box-jellies/|title= Box Jelly|website=University of Hawai'i - Waikiki Aquarium|date= 20 November 2013|access-date= 28 June 2020}}</ref> Within these tropical and subtropical environments, box jellyfish tend to reside closer to shore. They have been spotted in near-shore habitats such as mangroves, coral reefs, kelp forests, and sandy beaches.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coates |first=Melissa M. |date=2003-08-01 |title=Visual Ecology and Functional Morphology of Cubozoa (Cnidaria) |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=542β548 |doi=10.1093/icb/43.4.542 |pmid=21680462 |issn=1540-7063|doi-access=free }}</ref> Recently, in 2023, a new genus and species of box jellyfish was discovered in the Indo-Pacific region, specifically the Gulf of Thailand. Discovered and named after scientist [[Lisa-ann Gershwin]], this new species of box jellyfish, ''Gershwinia thailandensis'', is a member of the Carukiidae family. ''Gershwinia thailandensis'' is described as its own new species as it has sensory structures with specialized horns and lacks a common digestive system among box jelly, the stomach gastric phaecellae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ames |first1=Cheryl Lewis |last2=Macrander |first2=Jason |date=2016 |title=Evidence for an Alternative Mechanism of Toxin Production in the Box Jellyfish Alatina alata |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26370052 |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=973β988 |jstor=26370052 |issn=1540-7063}}</ref> Due to this and other observations, structural and biological, ''Gershwinia thailandensis'' was accepted as a new species of box jellyfish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aungtonya |first1=Charatsee |last2=Xiao |first2=Jie |last3=Zhang |first3=Xuelei |last4=Wutthituntisil |first4=Nattanon |date=October 2018 |title=The genus Chiropsoides (Chirodropida: Chiropsalmidae) from the Andaman Sea, Thai waters |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13131-018-1311-4 |journal=Acta Oceanologica Sinica |language=en |volume=37 |issue=10 |pages=119β125 |doi=10.1007/s13131-018-1311-4 |issn=0253-505X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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