Editing BrainGate (section)

=== Research and experimental results ===
The first reported experiments involving the implantation of the microelectrode array in one human subject were carried out in 2002 by [[Kevin Warwick]], [[Mark Gasson]] and [[Peter Kyberd]].<ref>Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Andrews, B, Teddy, P and Shad, A: "The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems", ''Archives of Neurology'', 60(10), pp1369-1373, 2003 {{doi|10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369}}</ref> The procedure, which was performed at the [[Radcliffe Infirmary]], involved the implantation of the array in the peripheral nerves of the subject in order to successfully bring about both motor and sensory functionality, i.e. bi-directional signalling.<ref>[[Marianne Legato|Legato, M]] Editor: ”Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine”, Academic Press, 2017</ref>
    
The subsequent full clinical trial of BrainGate was led by researchers at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], Brown University, and the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] and ran from 2004 to 2006, involving the study of four patients with [[tetraplegia]].  The results, published in a 2006 article in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', showed that a human with tetraplegia was able to control a cursor on a computer screen just by thinking, enabling him to open emails, and to operate devices such as a television.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hochberg LR, Serruya MD, Friehs GM, Mukand JA, Saleh M, Caplan AH, Branner A, Chen D, Penn RD, Donoghue JP|title=Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia|journal=Nature|volume=442|issue=7099|pages=164–171|date=July 2006|doi=10.1038/nature04970|pmid=16838014 |bibcode=2006Natur.442..164H |s2cid=4347367}}</ref> One participant, [[Matt Nagle]], had a spinal cord injury, while another had advanced [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|ALS]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/brain.html |title=Mind Control |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=1 March 2005}}</ref>
 
In July 2009, a second clinical trial, dubbed "BrainGate2", was initiated by researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital, Brown University, and the Providence VA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.braingate2.org|title=BrainGate - Turning thought into Action|date=2015-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00912041|title=BrainGate2: Feasibility Study of an Intracortical Neural Interface System for Persons With Tetraplegia (BrainGate2)}}</ref> In November 2011, researchers from the [[Stanford University]] Neural Prosthetics Translational Laboratory joined the trial as a second site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2011/november/braingate.html |publisher=Stanford School of Medicine |title=Stanford joins BrainGate team developing brain-computer interface to aid people with paralysis |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209165503/http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2011/november/braingate.html|author=Tanya Lewis |archivedate=9 December 2011}}</ref> This trial is [[#Current clinical trials|ongoing]].
 
In May 2012, BrainGate researchers published a study in ''Nature'' demonstrating that two people paralyzed by [[Brainstem stroke syndrome|brainstem stroke]] several years earlier were able to control robotic arms for reaching and grasping.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hochberg LR, Bacher D, Jarosiewicz B, Masse NY, Simeral JD, Vogel J, Haddadin S, Liu J, Cash SS, van der Smagt P, Donoghue JP|title=Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm|journal=Nature|volume=485|issue=7398|pages=372–375|date=May 2012|doi=10.1038/nature11076|pmid=22596161|pmc=3640850|bibcode=2012Natur.485..372H }}</ref> One participant, Cathy Hutchinson, was able to use the arm to drink coffee from a bottle,<ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 2012 |title=Paralysed woman moves robot with her mind - by Nature Video |language=English |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogBX18maUiM  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/ogBX18maUiM |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2021 |location=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Nature video}}{{cbignore}}</ref> the first time she was able to drink unaided in 15 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2012/05/braingate2 |title=People with paralysis control robotic arms using brain-computer interface|publisher=Brown University|date=May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/news/mind-controlled-robot-arms-show-promise-1.10652|title=Mind-controlled robot arms show promise|journal=Nature|date= May 16, 2012|doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10652|last1=Abbott|first1=Alison|s2cid=61793032|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="brown.edu">{{cite web|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2012/05/braingate2 |title=People with paralysis control robotic arms using brain-computer interface |publisher=Brown University|date=16 May 2012}}</ref> This took place on site at The Boston Home in [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]], a specialized residence where Ms. Hutchinson resided.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebostonhome.org/2012/05/16/the-boston-home-connection-to-a-technology-breakthrough/|title=The Boston Home Connection to a technology breakthrough|date=16 May 2012|access-date=30 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115002503/http://www.thebostonhome.org/2012/05/16/the-boston-home-connection-to-a-technology-breakthrough/|archive-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The study included researchers at Brown University, the Department of Veterans Affairs, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the German Aerospace Center.<ref name="brown.edu"/>