Editing Brutalist architecture (section)

== Designers ==
[[File:Habitat 67, southwest view.jpg|thumb|[[Habitat 67]] (1967) in [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada, is a Brutalist building.<ref>Paiement, Genevieve: [https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/may/13/habitat-67-montreal-expo-moshe-safdie-history-cities-50-buildings-day-35 Habitat 67, Montreal's 'failed dream' – a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 35.] ''The Guardian'', 13 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</ref>]]
[[File:Carretera PR-2, intersección con la carretera PR-5, Bayamón, Puerto Rico (1).jpg|thumb|The [[Bayamón City Hall]] (1980) is an example of Brutalist architecture in Puerto Rico]]

In the [[United Kingdom]], architects associated with the brutalist style include [[Ernő Goldfinger]], wife-and-husband pairing [[Alison and Peter Smithson]], some of the work of Sir [[Basil Spence]], the [[London County Council]]/[[Greater London Council]] Architects Department, [[Owen Luder]], [[John Bancroft (architect)|John Bancroft]], and, arguably perhaps, Sir [[Denys Lasdun]], Sir [[Leslie Martin]], Sir [[James Stirling (architect)|James Stirling]] and [[James Gowan]] with their early works. Some well-known examples of brutalist-influenced architecture in the British capital include the [[Barbican Centre]] ([[Chamberlin, Powell and Bon]]) and the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]] (Denys Lasdun).

In the [[United States]], [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]] and [[Ralph Rapson]] were both noted brutalists.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.circadesign.net/brutalism/|title= Architects: Brutalism|work= Circa Design|access-date= 28 August 2016|archive-date= 11 September 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160911004502/http://www.circadesign.net/brutalism/|url-status= usurped}}</ref> [[Evans Woollen III]], a pacesetter among architects in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], is credited for introducing the Brutalist and Modernist architecture styles to [[Indianapolis]], Indiana.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Trounstine, Philip J.| title =Evans Woollen | journal =[Indianapolis] Star Magazine | page=18 | location =Indianapolis, Indiana | date =9 May 1976}} See also: {{cite journal| title =Prominent local architect Woollen Dies at 88 | journal =Indianapolis Business Journal | location =Indianapolis | date =19 May 2016| url = https://www.ibj.com/articles/58673| access-date =18 December 2017}}</ref> [[Walter Netsch]] is known for his brutalist academic buildings. [[Marcel Breuer]] was known for his "soft" approach to the style, often using curves rather than corners. In [[Atlanta]], Georgia, the architectural style was introduced to Buckhead's affluent [[Peachtree Street|Peachtree Road]] with the Ted Levy-designed Plaza Towers and [[Park Place (Atlanta)|Park Place on Peachtree]] condominiums. Many of the stations of the [[Washington Metro]], particularly older stations, were constructed in the brutalist style. Architectural historian [[William Jordy]] says that although [[Louis Kahn]] was "[o]pposed to what he regarded as the muscular posturing of most Brutalism", some of his work "was surely informed by some of the same ideas that came to momentary focus in the brutalist position."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Impact of European Modernism in the Mid-twentieth Century |series=American Buildings and Their Architects |volume=5 |last=Jordy |first=William |author-link=William Jordy |year=1972 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, Oxford |isbn=0-19-504219-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanbuilding00will/page/363 363] |url=https://archive.org/details/americanbuilding00will/page/363 }}</ref>

[[File:Metro Washington 05.jpg|thumb|The interior ceilings of the [[Washington Metro]] stations are Brutalist.]]
In [[Australia]], examples of the brutalist style are [[Robin Gibson (architect)|Robin Gibson]]'s [[Queensland Art Gallery]], [[Ken Woolley]]'s [[University of Sydney Library|Fisher Library]] at the University of Sydney (his State Office Block is another), the [[High Court of Australia Building|High Court of Australia]] and [[Warringah Civic Centre]] by [[Christopher Kringas]], the MUSE building (also referred to as C7A MUSE) which was the original [[Macquarie University Library|Library]] at [[Macquarie University]] before the new library replaced it, and [[WTC Wharf]] (World Trade Centre in [[Melbourne]]).<ref>{{cite news | title=Watch this space – Brutalism meets beauty in the National Gallery's new wing | author=Farrelly, Elizabeth | date=9 October 2010 | newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]], Spectrum supplement| pages=16–17}}</ref> [[John Andrews (architect)|John Andrews]]'s government and institutional structures in Australia also exhibit the style. One of the first brutalist buildings in Melbourne was the [[Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Centre]] in Malvern, designed by [[Daryl Jackson]] and [[Kevin Borland]] in 1967. It has been nominated for heritage protection.

[[Canada]] possesses numerous examples of brutalist architecture. In the years leading to the 100th anniversary of the Confederation in 1967, the Federal Government financed the construction of many public buildings.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|title=50 years on, nearly 900 centennial buildings still a symbol of national unity {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/centennial-buildings-50th-anniversary-1.3654283|access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref> Major brutalist examples, not all built as part of the [[Canadian Centennial]], include the [[Grand Théâtre de Québec]], the [[Édifice Marie-Guyart]] (formerly Complex-G), [[Hôtel Le Concorde]], and much of the [[Laval University]] campus in Quebec City; [[Habitat 67]], [[Place Bonaventure]], the [[Maison de Radio-Canada]], and several metro stations on the [[Green Line (Montreal Metro)|Montreal Metro's Green Line]]; the [[Confederation Centre of the Arts]] in Charlottetown;<ref name=":02" /> the [[National Arts Centre, Ottawa|National Arts Centre in Ottawa]]; the [[Hotel Dieu Hospital (Kingston, Ontario)|Hotel Dieu Hospital]] in Kingston; the [[Ontario Science Centre]], [[Robarts Library]], [[Rochdale College]] in [[Toronto]]; [[Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre]] and [[Canadian Grain Commission]] building in [[Winnipeg]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Brutalist Architecture in Winnipeg|publisher=Winnipeg Architecture Foundation|url=http://www.winnipegarchitecture.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/WAF_BrutalistArchitectureInWinnipeg.pdf}}</ref> and the church of the [[Westminster Abbey (British Columbia)|Westminster Abbey]] in British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waldron|first=Andrew|date=2010|title=Manitoba Theatre Centre, 174 Market Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba|url=https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/65329/vol35_no2_63_80.pdf?sequence=1|journal=The Journal of the Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada|volume=35|issue=2|pages=63–80}}</ref> Prominent Vancouver-based architect, [[Arthur Erickson]] was responsible for several notable brutalist developments including [[Simon Fraser University]]'s main campus building, the [[MacMillan Bloedel Building]], Vancouver's Evergreen Building, the [[Museum of Anthropology at UBC|Museum of Anthropology]] and Vancouver [[Law Courts (Vancouver)|Law Courts]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sciarpelletti |first=Laura |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Reflecting on the designs and legacy of architect and urban planner Arthur Erickson |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/reflecting-on-the-designs-and-legacy-of-architect-and-urban-planner-arthur-erickson-1.5192133 |work=CBC}}</ref>
[[File:Banco hipótecario - Ex Banco de Londres.jpg|thumb|[[Banco de Londres y América del Sur Headquarters]] in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]]]
[[File:Biblioteca Nacional BA.jpg|thumb|[[National Library of Argentina]] in [[Buenos Aires]]]]
In [[Argentina]], the main representative of Brutalism was [[Clorindo Testa]], who was massively influential in the development of Brutalism in [[Latin America]]. He famously designed the [[Banco de Londres y América del Sur Headquarters]], the [[National Library of Argentina]], and several other relevant buildings of Buenos Aires.

Other Brutalist landmarks in Argentina, are [[Hospital Naval]], [[Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires|Ciudad Universitaria of Buenos Aires]], [[:es:Torre Dorrego|Torre Dorrego]], [[Casa del Puente]] and [[:es:Edificio Somisa|Edificio Somisa]] (which was designed to be the headquarters of a steel corporation, that is the reason it is completely made of steel, and it became the first building in the world to be fully welded).

In [[Serbia]], Božidar Janković was a representative of the so-called "Belgrade School of residence", identifiable by its functionalist relations on the basis of the flat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stanovanje.yolasite.com/katalog-stanova.php|title=Centar za stanovanje – Center for Housing | website=stanovanje.yolasite.com|access-date=14 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stanovanje.yolasite.com/beogradski-stan.php|title=Centar za stanovanje – Center for Housing|website=stanovanje.yolasite.com|access-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> and elaborated in detail the architecture. Known example, [[Western City Gate]] also known as the Genex Tower is a 36-[[storey]] [[skyscraper]] in [[Belgrade]], Serbia, which was designed in 1977 by [[Mihajlo Mitrović]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Genex Tower, Belgrade|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110978/genex-tower-belgrade-serbia|website=EMPORIS|access-date=22 July 2017}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It is formed by two towers connected with a two-storey bridge and [[revolving restaurant]] at the top. It is {{convert|117|m|abbr=on}} tall<ref name=arhi /> (with restaurant {{convert|135|-|140|m|abbr=on}}) and is the second-tallest high-rise in Belgrade after [[Ušće Tower]]. The building was designed in the brutalist style with some elements of [[Structuralism (architecture)|structuralism]] and [[Constructivism (art)|constructivism]]. It is considered a prime representative of the brutalist architecture in Serbia and one of the best of its style built in the 1960s and the 1970s in the world. The treatment of the form and details is slightly associating the building with [[postmodernism]] and is today one of the rare surviving representatives of this style's early period in Serbia. The artistic expression of the gate marked an entire era in Serbian architecture.<ref name=arhi>{{cite news | author = Daliborka Mučibabić | title = Архитекте траже заштиту Западне капије | trans-title = Architects ask for the protection of the Western Gate | newspaper = Politika | page = 15 | language = Serbian | date = 8 May 2019 | url = http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/429066/Beograd/Arhitekte-traze-zastitu}}</ref>

In [[Vietnam]], brutalist architecture is particularly popular among old public buildings and has been associated with the ''[[:vi:Thời bao cấp|bao cấp]]'' era (lit: subsidizing), the period during which the country followed [[Soviet-type economic planning]]. Many [[Soviet architects]], most notably [[:ru:Исакович, Гарольд Григорьевич|Garol Isakovich]], were sent to Vietnam during that time to help train new architects and played an influential role in shaping the country's architectural styles for decades.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Vũ |first=Hiệp |date=19 October 2021 |title=Isakovich và sự biến đổi kiến trúc Liên Xô ở Việt Nam |trans-title=Isakovich and the evolution of Soviet architecture in Vietnam |url=http://tapchisonghuong.com.vn/tap-chi/c455/n30813/Isakovich-va-su-bien-doi-kien-truc-Lien-Xo-o-Viet-Nam.html |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=Tạp chí Sông Hương}}</ref> Isakovich himself also designed some of the most notable brutalist buildings in Vietnam, including the [[:vi:Cung Văn hóa Lao động Hữu nghị Việt Xô|Vietnam-Soviet Friendship Palace of Culture and Labour]] (1985).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vũ |first=Hiệp |date=13 September 2021 |title=KTS Garol Isakovich và những công trình thời bao cấp ở Hà Nội – Hội Kiến Trúc Sư Việt Nam |url=https://kienviet.net/2021/09/13/kts-garol-isakovich-va-nhung-cong-trinh-thoi-bao-cap-o-ha-noi/ |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=Kiến Việt |language=vi}}</ref> In his later years, Isakovich, who was awarded the [[Hero of Labor (Vietnam)|Hero of Labor]] by the Vietnamese government in 1976, is said to have deviated from the brutalist style and adopted Vietnamese traditional styles in his design, which has been referred to by some Vietnamese architects as ''Chủ nghĩa hiện đại địa phương'' (lit: local [[modernism]]) and ''hậu hiện đại'' (postmodernism).<ref name=":6" /> In the former [[South Vietnam]], notable buildings that are said to carry brutalist elements include the [[Independence Palace]] (1966)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Kripa |date=13 December 2020 |title=10 Reasons why architects must visit Vietnam |url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/2020/12/13/a2375-10-reasons-why-architects-must-visit-vietnam/ |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=Rethinking The Future |language=en-US}}</ref> designed by [[Ngô Viết Thụ]], the first Asian architect to become an Honorary Fellow of the [[American Institute of Architects]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Suneet |date=3 February 2023 |title=Vietnam: People with Resilience and Grit |url=https://architecture.live/vietnam-people-with-resilience-and-grit-from-architect-suneet-pauls-travelogue/ |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=ArchitectureLive |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thuan |first=Nguyen |date=2016-06-23 |title=Ngô Viết Thụ - Người tạo nên biểu tượng Dinh Độc Lập cho Sài Gòn |url=https://designs.vn/ngo-viet-thu-nguoi-tao-nen-bieu-tuong-dinh-doc-lap-cho-sai-gon/ |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=designs.vn |language=vi}}</ref> However, whether South Vietnamese architecture prior to 1975 was brutalism or not remains a matter of dispute, with some architects argued it was actually modernism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2019 |title=Southern Vietnamese Modernist Architecture is the Antithesis of Brutalism |url=https://blog.architecturevietnam.com/2019/05/southern-vietnamese-modernist-architecture-is-the-antithesis-of-brutalism.html |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=Architecture Vietnam}}</ref> In recent years, public sentiments in Vietnam towards brutalist architecture has shifted negatively, but the style is said to have made a comeback recently.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023|title=Phong cách nhà 'như lô cốt' trở lại |url=https://zingnews.vn/zingnews-post1408462.html |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=ZingNews.vn |language=vi}}</ref>