Editing Bubble fusion (section)

== Subsequent reports of replication ==
In 2004, new reports of bubble fusion were published by the Taleyarkhan group, claiming that the results of previous experiments had been replicated under more stringent experimental conditions.<ref>{{cite news
  |first = Theresa
  |last  = Bourgeois
  |title = Researchers Report Bubble Fusion Results Replicated: ''Physical Review E'' publishes paper on fusion experiment conducted with upgraded measurement system
  |url   = http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=65&setappvar=page(1)
  |publisher = [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute|RPI]] News & Information
  |date  = 2 March 2004
  |access-date = 2007-05-13
}}</ref><ref name="Taleyarkhan-2004-03-22">{{cite journal
  |last    = Taleyarkhan
  |first   = R. P.
  |author-link = Rusi Taleyarkhan
  |author2=J. S. Cho|author3=C. D. West|author4=R. T. Lahey|author5=R. I. Nigmatulin|author6=R. C. Block
  |date    = 22 March 2004
  |title   = Additional Evidence of Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation
  |journal = Physical Review E
  |volume  = 69
  |issue   = letter 036109
  |doi     = 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.036109
  |pmid   = 15089363
  |bibcode     = 2004PhRvE..69c6109T
  |page    = 036109
}}</ref> These results differed from the original results in that fusion was claimed to occur over longer times than previously reported. The original report only claimed neutron emission from the initial bubble collapse following bubble nucleation, whereas this report claimed neutron emission many acoustic cycles later.

In July 2005, two of Taleyarkhan's students at [[Purdue University]] published evidence confirming the previous result. They used the same acoustic chamber, the same deuterated acetone fluid and a similar bubble nucleation system. In this report, no neutron-sonoluminescence coincidence was attempted.<ref>{{cite news
  |first = Emil
  |last = Venere
  |title = Purdue findings support earlier nuclear fusion experiments
  |url = http://news.uns.purdue.edu/html4ever/2005/050712.Xu.fusion.html
  |work = Purdue News
  |publisher = [[Purdue University]]
  |date = 12 July 2005
  |access-date = 2007-05-13
  |archive-date = 2020-02-14
  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200214202240/https://news.uns.purdue.edu/html4ever/2005/050712.Xu.fusion.html
  |url-status = dead
  }}</ref><ref name="Xu">{{cite journal
  |last    = Xu
  |first   = Y.
  |author-link = Yiban Xu
  |author2=A. Butt |author-link2=Adam Butt 
  |date    = 3 May 2005
  |title   = Confirmatory Experiments for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation
  |journal = [[Nuclear Engineering and Design]]
  |volume  = 235
  |issue   = 1317
  |pages   =1317–1324
  |doi     = 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2005.02.021
  |issn    = 0167-899X
|url= http://astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/ethics/documents/fusion/3rdpaper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331171205/http://astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/ethics/documents/fusion/3rdpaper.pdf |archive-date=2011-03-31 |url-status=live
  |citeseerx   = 10.1.1.541.7061
  }}</ref> An article in ''Nature'' raised issues about the validity of the research and complaints from his Purdue colleagues (see full analysis elsewhere in this page).<ref name="silencing"/><ref name="hot air"/>  Charges of misconduct were raised, and Purdue University opened an investigation. It concluded in 2008 that Taleyarkhan's name should have appeared in the author list because of his deep involvement in many steps of the research, that he added one author that had not really participated in the paper just to overcome the criticism of one reviewer, and that this was part of an attempt of "an effort to falsify the scientific record by assertion of independent confirmation". The investigation did not address the validity of the experimental results.<ref name="report2008"/>

In January 2006, a paper published in the journal ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'' by Taleyarkhan in collaboration with researchers from [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] reported statistically significant evidence of fusion.<ref name="Peplow">{{cite journal
  |last  = Peplow
  |first = Mark
  |date  = 10 January 2006
  |title = Desktop fusion is back on the table
  |journal = Nature
  |doi   = 10.1038/news060109-5
}}
* {{cite journal
  |last    = Taleyarkhan
  |first   = R. P.
  |author-link = Rusi Taleyarkhan
  |author2=C. D. West|author3=R. T. Lahey|author4=R. I. Nigmatulin|author5=J. S. Cho|author6=R. C. Block|author7=Y. Xu
  |s2cid = 30633034
 |date=January 2006
  |title   = Nuclear Emissions During Self-Nucleated Acoustic Cavitation
  |journal = [[Physical Review Letters]]
  |volume  = 96
  |issue   = letter 034301
  |doi     = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.034301
  |bibcode = 2006PhRvL..96c4301T
  |page = 034301
  |pmid=16486709
  |quote=...Statistically significant nuclear emissions were observed for deuterated benzene and acetone mixtures but not for [[heavy water]]. The measured neutron energy was <=2.45 MeV, which is indicative of deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fusion. Neutron emission rates were in the range ~5×10<sup>3</sup> n/s to ~10<sup>4</sup> n/s and followed the inverse law dependence with distance...
}}
* {{cite news
  |url   = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060130155542.htm
  |title = Using Sound Waves To Induce Nuclear Fusion With No External Neutron Source
  |work  = Science Daily
  |publisher = [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]
  |date  = 31 January 2006
  |access-date = 2007-05-13
  }} "...The experiment was specifically designed to address a fundamental research question, not to make a device that would be capable of producing [[energy]], Block says...To verify the presence of fusion, the researchers used three independent [[neutron]] detectors and one gamma ray detector. All four detectors produced the same results: a statistically significant increase in the amount of nuclear emissions due to sonofusion when compared to background levels..."
</ref>

In November 2006, in the midst of accusations concerning Taleyarkhan's research standards, two different scientists visited the meta-stable fluids research lab at Purdue University to measure neutrons, using Taleyarkhan's equipment. Dr. Edward R. Forringer and undergraduates David Robbins and Jonathan Martin of [[LeTourneau University]] presented two papers at the [[American Nuclear Society]] Winter Meeting that reported replication of neutron emission. Their experimental setup was similar to previous experiments in that it used a mixture of deuterated acetone, [[deuterated benzene]], [[tetrachloroethylene]] and [[uranyl nitrate]]. Notably, however, it operated without an external neutron source and used two types of [[Neutron detection|neutron detectors]]. They claimed a liquid [[scintillation (physics)|scintillation]] detector measured neutron levels at 8 [[standard deviation]]s above the background level, while plastic detectors measured levels at 3.8 standard deviations above the background. When the same experiment was performed with non-deuterated [[Experimental control|control]] liquid, the measurements were within one standard deviation of background, indicating that the neutron production had only occurred during cavitation of the deuterated liquid.<ref name="LeTourneau-2006-11-17">"Bubble Fusion Confirmed by LETU Research" LeTourneau University News (www.letu.edu/opencms/opencms/events/Bubble_Fusion_Confirmed_by_LETU_Research.html) link inactive as of 2008-05-10</ref><ref name="ANS-pgm">{{cite web
  |url   = http://www.ans.org/meetings/docs/2006/wm2006-official.pdf
  |title   = Technical Sessions by Day (Wednesday)
  |work   = ANS 2006 Winter Meeting & Nuclear Technology Expo Official Program
  |page   = 24
  |date   = November 12–16, 2006
  |access-date   = 2006-12-06
  |archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20070621044343/http://www.ans.org/meetings/docs/2006/wm2006-official.pdf
  |archive-date   = 2007-06-21
  |url-status   = dead
  }} (confirmation of presentation)</ref><ref name="Transactions-ANS=2006">{{cite journal
  |last    = Forringer
  |first   = Edward R.
  |author-link = Edward Forringer
  |author2=David Robbins|author3=Jonathan Martin
  |date    = 12 November 2006
  |title   = Confirmation of Neutron Production During Self-Nucleated Acoustic Cavitation
  |journal = Transactions of the American Nuclear Society
  |volume  = v.95
  |page   =736
  |issn    = 0003-018X}}</ref><ref name="spectrum"/> William M. Bugg, emeritus physics professor at the [[University of Tennessee]] also traveled to Taleyarkhan's lab to repeat the experiment with his equipment. He also reported neutron emission, using plastic neutron detectors.<ref name="spectrum">"Bubble Fusion Research Under Scrutiny", IEEE Spectrum, May 2006</ref> Taleyarkhan claimed these visits counted as independent replications by experts, but Forringer later recognized that he was not an expert, and Bugg later said that Taleyarkhan performed the experiments and he had only watched.<ref name="chronicle">{{citation 
  |last= Vance
  |first= Erik
  |title= The Bursting of Bubble Fusion
  |work= [[Chronicle of Higher Education]]
  |url= http://chronicle.texterity.com/chronicle/20070406a?pg=20
  |date= April 2, 2007}}</ref>