Editing Buganda (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Buganda}}

===Origin===
The region of Buganda was inhabited by [[Bantu peoples]] from the 6th century CE, who made [[Urewe]] pottery. [[Baganda]] [[oral tradition]]s hold the founder of the kingdom to have been [[Kato Kintu]], who migrated from the north-eastern direction of [[Mount Elgon]], leading various clans. In the region of Buganda he found various indigenous clans (''[[banansangwawo]]''), said to have had thirty kings prior to Kintu's arrival. Kintu defeated their last king, Bemba Musota. Likely founded between the 12th and 14th centuries, Buganda was initially a small kingdom covering the counties of [[Kyadondo]], [[Busiro]], and [[Mawokota]]. Further clans migrated in from the east. According to tradition, Kintu disappeared after having founded the kingdom.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Buganda: To Nineteenth Century |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of African History |publisher=[[Fitzroy Dearborn]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA636 |last=Ktyaga-Mulindwa |first=David |date=2005 |editor-last1=Shillington |editor-first1=Kevin |pages=636–650 |isbn=1-57958-245-1 |last1= |first1=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Buganda |encyclopedia=The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mBjHEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA78&dq=buganda+%2214th+century%22&ots=K_jwSoVT2l&sig=7ICVXRKam8mEy_urzkHzxdDHr9A#v=onepage&q=buganda%20%2214th%20century%22&f=false |last=Shoup |first=John A. |date=2017-05-12 |language=en |isbn=978-1-4408-4041-8}}</ref>{{Rp|page=80}} Prominent scholars such as [[Apollo Kaggwa]] and [[Lloyd Fallers]] consider Buganda's dynasty to have been local in origin, developing from ''[[primus inter pares]]'' [[Patrilineality|patrilineal]] groups, which corroborates with the power [[clan head]]s had in Buganda's early history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beattie |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat |title=The Nyoro state. -- |date=1971 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-823171-4}}</ref>{{Rp|page=256}}

[[Elizabeth Isichei]] says that it is likely that the Buganda state is much more ancient than has previously been thought, and that Buganda began as a small kingdom in the north of [[Lake Victoria]] in what is now Busiro County.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Isichei |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C2tzBSAp3MC |title=A History of African Societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |page=136}}</ref> [[Christopher Wrigley]] wrote "A political structure of some sort, small in scale and mainly ritual in function, may be taken to have existed in northern Busiro, where the ancient shrines are clustered, at a time far beyond the reach of historical tradition...the rituals of Ganda kingship are both too elaborate and too archaic in character to have been evolved within the past few centuries."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171765|title=The Kinglists of Buganda|page=134|jstor=3171765 |last1=Wrigley |first1=C. C. |journal=History in Africa |date=1974 |volume=1 |doi=10.2307/3171765 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Buganda and Kitara ====
[[Banyoro]] oral history (from Buganda's historical rival, [[Bunyoro|Bunyoro-Kitara]]) says that [[Kimera of Buganda|Kimera]], Buganda's third king, came from Bunyoro following the collapse of the Chwezi dynasty of [[Empire of Kitara|Kitara]], leading some clans to found a new [[Babiito dynasty]] in Buganda. This is fiercely contested by the Baganda, whose [[king list]] documents an unbroken line of 36 kings descending from Kintu,<ref name=":8" /> and some have called it "patriotic fiction".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180147 |title=Bunyoro and the British: A Reappraisal of the causes for the Decline and Fall of an African Kingdom |page=604}}</ref>

Baganda oral history says that Buganda was distinct and of at least equal antiquity to Kitara.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up|title= The Nyoro State|date= 1971|page=246|isbn= 978-0-19-823171-4|last1= Beattie|first1= John|publisher= Clarendon Press}}</ref> It has no mention of the Chwezi, and according to the historian Christopher Wrigley, "It is unlikely that Buganda was fully integrated into the system that was probably not called Kitara. Its language is distinct from '[[Rutara languages|Rutara]]', and the directors of the [[Ntusi]] and [[Bigo bya Mugenyi|Biggo]] systems would not have had much interest in a land that was not really suited to cattle-rearing".<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKAFW9oVJcC
 | title=Kingship and State: The Buganda Dynasty | page=78|isbn=9780521894357 | last1=Wrigley | first1=Christopher | date=2002 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C2tzBSAp3MC|title=A History of African Societies to 1870|page=445|isbn=9780521455992|last1=Isichei|first1=Elizabeth|date=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref name="Primitive Government">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/primitivegovernm0000mair/page/n251/mode/2up|title=Primitive Government|date=1977 |page=133}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In the 16th century, Bunyoro invaded Buganda, killing Kabaka [[Nakibinge of Buganda|Nakinge]], however Buganda managed to maintain their independence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Buganda |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of African History And Culture: Volume 3 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-of-african-history-and-culture-volume-3/page/35/mode/2up?q=biito&view=theater |last=Mirza |first=Umair |date=2005}}</ref> After this, they began to expand, as Bunyoro-Kitara entered into decline. Much of this expansion was at the expense of Bunyoro-Kitara, and occurred in the reigns of [[Kimbugwe of Buganda|Kimbugwe]], [[Kateregga of Buganda|Katerega]], and [[Mutebi I of Buganda|Mutebi]] during the 17th and 18th centuries. Among those conquered was [[Buddu]], parts of [[Busoga]], and parts of the [[Kingdom of Karagwe]], and [[Kooki]] was made a tributary.<ref name=":8" /> Defeated rulers were replaced with military leaders, which contributed to the increasing unity of that state.<ref name=":2" /> Historically, the Banyoro of Bunyoro-Kitara were the Baganda's most hated and despised enemies. They were so hated that the word "Nyoro" became a synonym for "foreigner" and was used to refer to all other tribes whether they were truly ethnic Nyoro or not.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0irmwEACAAJ |title=Political power in pre-colonial Buganda : economy, society & warfare in the nineteenth century |date=2002 |publisher=James Currey |isbn=978-0-8214-1477-4 |page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Strangers_in_African_Societies/YeFFSyGGeBoC?hl=en |title=Strangers in African Societies |page=236}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/59095 |title=The story of Kintu and his sons: naming, ethnic identity formation and power in the precolonial Great Lakes Region of East Africa |pages=24–25}}</ref>

By the 19th century, Buganda was an "embryonic empire".{{sfnp|Osterhammel|2015|p=445}} It built fleets of war canoes from the 1840s to take control of [[Lake Victoria]] and the surrounding regions and subjugated several weaker peoples. These subject peoples were then exploited for cheap labor.{{sfnp|Osterhammel|2015|p=445}} The first Europeans to enter the Kingdom of Buganda were British explorers [[John Hanning Speke]] and Captain Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] while searching for the headwaters of the Nile in 1862. They found a highly organized political system.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sagan|first1=Eli|title=At the Dawn of Tyranny: The Origins of Individualism, Political Oppression, and the State|url=https://archive.org/details/atdawnoftyrannyo00saga|url-access=registration|date=1985|publisher=Vintage Books/Random House|location=NYC|isbn=0-394-74670-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/atdawnoftyrannyo00saga/page/n28 3]}}</ref>

After Buganda conquered Buddu, it was able to launch raids deep into western Uganda. Kabaka [[Ssuuna II of Buganda|Suna II]] invaded and plundered the [[Nkore|kingdom of Nkore]] three times. Buganda would eventually conquer territory away from Ankole such as Kabula and significant parts of the Bwera kingdom, whose grazing lands had been used by [[Hima people|Hima pastoralists]]. Mutumbuka, the ''Mugabe'' (king) of Nkore, died in 1870, it caused a succession crisis, which Buganda took advantage of. King [[Muteesa I of Buganda|Mutesa]] sent an envoy to intercede. The purpose of the peace envoy was to make a blood brotherhood with Makumbi, who was the leader of the Nkore delegation and one of the legitimate claimants to be the next king of Nkore. Buganda secretly ordered its envoy to massacre as many of Makumbi's followers as possible (to support Makumbi's rival, Mukwenda, who was the pretender to the throne supported by Buganda). The meeting was set in Kabula, where Makumbi's supporters were led into a trap, resulting in over 70 leaders, including 20 princes, being slaughtered. It was "the height of treachery that was difficult to forget" in the [[Banyankole]]'s eyes. Even in modern times, Banyankole elders were still lamenting the massacre, saying, "Only the Baganda could have thought of such a thing."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Nkore_in_Wes/gG0cAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896|page=240}}</ref>

===European Accounts===

Europeans admired Buganda and often praised the kingdom, considering it the pinnacle of "native political evolution." Early travel, missionary, and colonial accounts often called the Baganda the "most advanced and intelligent of all central African societies."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Women_in_African_Colonial_Histories/Ky1lol7-vdcC?hl=en|title=Women in African Colonial Histories|page=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Deadly_Developments/qLDDC6XFXIEC?hl=en|title=Deadly Developments: Capitalism, States and War|page=108}}</ref>

To Europeans, the Baganda belonged to a distinct political and social order and were thus privileged over other ethnic and cultural groups in the region. [[Henry Morton Stanley]] described the [[Baganda]] as "an extraordinary people, as different from the barbarous pirates of Uvuma, and the wild, mop-headed men of Eastern Usukuma, as the British in India are from their [[Afridi]] fellow-subjects, or the white Americans of Arkansas from the semi-civilized [[Choctaws]]" <ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Through_the_Dark_Continent/Ut3CAgAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Through the Dark Continent, Vol. 1|page=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Institutional_Pathways_to_Equity/a-TMNwEnE-cC?hl=en|title=Institutional Pathways to Equity: Addressing Inequality Traps|page=81}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Perhaps one of the best organised and most civilised of African kingdoms at the present day. In fact, putting aside the empires of [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] and Morocco (as entirely independent states ranking with other world powers), Uganda would take a high place among those purely Negro kingdoms which retain any degree of national rule.|[[Harry Johnston]]|title=''The Uganda Protectorate''|source=<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Uganda_Protectorate/UQUyAQAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Uganda Protectorate|page=636}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Women_in_African_Colonial_Histories/Ky1lol7-vdcC?hl=en|title=Women in African Colonial Histories|page=98}}</ref>}}

[[William Lambton (British Army officer)|Colonel Lambkin]] and the explorer [[Harry Johnston]] both described the [[Baganda]] as the black Japanese or "the Japanese of the dark continent" and "the most naturally civilized, charming, kind, tactful, and courteous of black people."
<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Women_in_African_Colonial_Histories/Ky1lol7-vdcC?hl=en|title=Women in African Colonial Histories}}</ref> [[Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard|Frederick Lugard]] claimed that Buganda was "probably the most civilised of any native state in Africa."<ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Rise_of_Our_East_African_Empire_Earl/bkmvvQEACAAJ?hl=en</ref>

The American president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was amazed by the kingdom when he visited Africa in 1909, claiming that Buganda stood "far above most … in their capacity for progress towards civilization.".  Visiting Buganda had a profound impact on him and compelled him to rethink his negative views of African people, and even [[African Americans]] in the United States. The reality of Buganda's political sophistication commanded his respect.<ref>https://www.abhmuseum.org/theodore-roosevelt-and-the-real-wakanda/</ref>

===Colonial times===
[[File:Kabaka Palace in Kampala.jpg|thumb|Kabaka Palace in Kampala|left]][[File:Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi-114329.jpg|alt=Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi|thumb|Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi]]
Buganda was colonized by the British<ref>{{Cite web|title=HISTORY OF UGANDA|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ad22|access-date=2021-04-02|website=www.historyworld.net}}</ref> and made a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1884. The move towards independence reached a climax when the Lukiiko, the parliament of Buganda appointed the Buganda Constitutional Committee in 1959<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-09 |title=Governor issues warning as Buganda declares self independence |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/governor-issues-warning-as-buganda-declares-self-independence-1707594 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> and later declared independence on 8 October 1960 and requested that the British protectorate be terminated.

While in exile, Mwanga II was received into the [[Anglican Church]] and was baptized with the name of Danieri (Daniel). He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, at 35 years of age. On 2 August 1910, his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mwanga II of Buganda |date=2024-11-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanga_II_of_Buganda |access-date=2025-02-28 |language=en}}</ref>

On 24 July 1993, the monarchy of Buganda was restored when Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II was crowned king. Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II was the son of King 'Freddy', who had been deposed by the Ugandan government in 1966.<ref>''Sunday Times'', 1 August 1993, p. 18.</ref>

===Attempted secession in Kayunga===
In September 2009, some members of the minority<ref name="globalrights.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalrights.org/ngn/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Ethnicity_and_Human_Rights_in_Uganada___A_Desk_Study_of_.pdf|title = Global Rights}}</ref> [[Banyala]] ethnic group, led by the recently retired UPDF Captain [[Isabanyala Baker Kimeze]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Charles Jjuuko |title=Uganda: Banyala Choose Army Officer as King |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200808130084.html |access-date=14 December 2022 |work=allAfrica |agency=The New Vision |date=12 August 2008 |location=Kampala}}</ref> announced that [[Bugerere]] had seceded from the Kingdom of Buganda. The Banyala make up 0.09% of the population of Uganda<ref name="globalrights.org"/> and 13% of the population of the district, Kayunga, which they claimed to be leading into secession.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/-Bunyala-leaders-sparked-storm--Kabaka--Tito-Okello/688342-5269650-2p9jv0/index.html|title = How Bunyala leaders sparked the storm|date = February 2021}}</ref> Because of the resulting tensions, the government of Uganda prevented the [[Kabaka of Buganda]] from traveling to Bugerere, leading to riots in the capital, Kampala and its neighboring districts. Thirty people were killed in what came to be known as the [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/kayunga-the-hotbed-of-1966-2009-buganda-riots-2303286 Buganda riots].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8251907.stm Kampala hit by renewed violence], ''[[BBC]]'', 2009-09-11</ref>

===Previous kings===
On July 31, 2023, Buganda unveiled portraits of its former kings (bassekabaka) based on oral narrations and written histories dating back to the founding of the kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/a-peek-into-buganda-s-throne-room-3913306|title=A peak into Buganda's throne room|date=13 August 2022|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>