Editing Bus rapid transit (section)

== History ==
[[File:Elevated busway at Runcorn Shopping City.jpg|thumb|Elevated busway at [[Runcorn Shopping City]]]]
The first use of a protected [[Bus lane|busway]] was the [[East Side Trolley Tunnel]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]]. It was converted from trolley to bus use in 1948.<ref name="mineta">{{cite web |last1=Agrawal |first1=Asha Weinstein |last2=Goldman |first2=Todd |last3=Hannaford |first3=Nancy |title=Shared-Use Bus Priority Lanes on City Streets: Case Studies in Design and Management |url=https://nacto.org/docs/usdg/shared_use_bus_priority_lanes_on_city_streets_agrawal.pdf |publisher=Mineta Transportation Institute |access-date=3 November 2021 |date=April 2012}}</ref><ref name="report143">{{cite report |last1=Levinson |first1=Herbert S. |last2=Hoey |first2=William F. |last3=Sanders |first3=David B. |last4=Wyn |first4=F. Houston |date=1973 |title=Bus Use of Highways: State of the Art |url=https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_143.pdf |publisher=Highway Research Board |work=National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 143 |access-date = 4 November 2021}}</ref> However, the first BRT system in the world was the [[Runcorn Busway]] in [[Runcorn]], England.<ref name="Runcorn Busway JSTOR" /> First conceived in the Runcorn New Town Masterplan in 1966, it opened for services in October 1971 and all {{convert|22|km|mi}} were operational by 1980.<ref name="RUDI 7.3 Transport"/> The central station is at [[Runcorn Shopping City]] where buses arrive on dedicated raised busways to two enclosed stations.<ref name="Tale of Two Centres">{{cite journal| last1 = Couch| first1 = Chris| last2 = Fowles| first2 = Steven| date = 2006| title = Britain: Runcorn — A Tale of Two Centres| jstor = 23289488| journal = Built Environment| volume = 32| issue = 1| pages = 88–102| doi = 10.2148/benv.32.1.88}}</ref> [[Arthur Ling]], Runcorn Development Corporation's Master Planner, said that he had invented the concept while sketching on the back of an envelope.<ref name="Arthur Ling">{{cite web| last = Crabtree| first = Gordon| date = 6 August 1971| title = Runcorn Busway creates worldwide interest| publisher=Commercial Motor | url=http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/6th-august-1971/32/runcorn-busway-creates-worldwide-interest| access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref> The town was designed around the transportation system, with most residents no more than five minutes walking distance, or {{convert|500|yard|m}}, from the Busway.<ref name="New Town Masterplan">{{cite book | last = Ling |first = Arthur |url= http://www4.halton.gov.uk/Pages/planning/policyguidance/pdf/evidencebase/Area%2520Specific%2520Evidence/RuncornNewTown/Runcorn_New_Town_Masterplan_(1967).pdf | publication-date=1967 | title=Runcorn New Town Master Plan| publisher=Runcorn Development Corporation |access-date=25 July 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015846/http://www4.halton.gov.uk/Pages/planning/policyguidance/pdf/evidencebase/Area%20Specific%20Evidence/RuncornNewTown/Runcorn_New_Town_Masterplan_(1967).pdf |archive-date=21 June 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Curitiba 04 2006 06 RIT.jpg|thumb|The [[Rede Integrada de Transporte]] in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, was opened in 1974. The RIT was inspired by the National Urban Transport Company of [[Peru]].]]
The second BRT system in the world was the [[Rede Integrada de Transporte]] (RIT, ''integrated transportation network''), implemented in [[Curitiba]], Brazil, in 1974. The Rede Integrada de Transporte was inspired by the previous transport system of the National Urban Transport Company of Peru (In Spanish: [[ENATRU]]), which only had quick access on [[Lima|Lima downtown]], but it would not be considered{{by whom|date=December 2021}} BRT itself.<ref name="BRTdata" /> Many of the elements that have become associated with BRT were innovations first suggested by Carlos Ceneviva, within the team of [[Curitiba]] [[Mayor]] [[Jaime Lerner]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.wricities.org/our-work/project-city/brtdataorg-global-database-bus-rapid-transit|title = Bus Rapid Transit|publisher = EMBARQ|access-date = 24 February 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150825001337/http://www.wricities.org/our-work/project-city/brtdataorg-global-database-bus-rapid-transit|archive-date = 25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://congresosibrt.org/en/news/142/architect-of-possible-dreams |title=Architect of possible dreams |publisher=Congresosibrt.org |date=8 May 2013 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111074449/http://congresosibrt.org/en/news/142/architect-of-possible-dreams |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially just dedicated bus lanes in the center of major arterial roads, in 1980 the Curitiba system added a feeder bus network and inter-zone connections, and in 1992 introduced off-board fare collection, enclosed stations, and platform-level boarding. Other systems made further innovations, including platooning (three buses entering and leaving bus stops and traffic signals at once) in [[Porto Alegre]], and passing lanes and express service in [[São Paulo]].<ref>[http://www.gobrt.org/Latin_American_Experience_with_Bus_Rapid_Transit.pdf Latin American Experience With Bus Rapid Transit] Gerhard Menckhoff, World Bank. August 2005. Retrieved 08–15–13.</ref>

In the United States, BRT began in 1977, with Pittsburgh's [[South Busway]],<ref name="Lotshaw_Streetsblog_2011">{{cite web
| url            = http://usa.streetsblog.org/2011/06/20/profiles-in-american-brt-pittsburghs-south-busway-and-east-busway/
| title          = Profiles of American BRT: Pittsburgh's South Busway and East Busway
| last1          = Lotshaw
| first1         = Stephanie
| date           = 20 June 2011
| website        = Streetsblog USA
| archive-url    = https://web.archive.org/web/20150203115628/http://usa.streetsblog.org/2011/06/20/profiles-in-american-brt-pittsburghs-south-busway-and-east-busway/
| archive-date=3 February 2015| access-date    = 1 September 2015
| quote          = Pittsburgh's leadership on the urban sustainability front is not a recent phenomenon – in fact, it was the first city in the United States to implement elements of bus rapid transit, and it paved the way for more robust U.S. BRT systems. In 1977, only three years after Curitiba, Brazil implemented the world's first BRT system, Pittsburgh opened the South Busway, 4.3 miles of exclusive bus lanes, running through previously underserved areas of the city, from the western suburbs to the downtown. The city was concerned about worsening traffic congestion, and, lacking the funds to rehabilitate the city's streetcar lines, took inspiration from Curitiba and created the South Busway. Funding for the system came from the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]], the state of Pennsylvania and Allegheny County. The Port Authority of Allegheny County, a county-owned, state-funded agency, operates the system. The success of the South Busway helped the city leverage funding for the expansion of the network, and in 1983, the Martin Luther King, Jr. East Busway opened. The East Busway began as a 6.8-mile network, with an additional 2.3 miles added in 2003, connecting the eastern suburbs with downtown. Fifteen bus routes run along its corridor. Its current weekday ridership is 25,600, with annual ridership close to 7 million. The East Busway built on the success of its predecessor and offered fundamental BRT features including a dedicated busway, service as frequent as every two minutes during peak period, signal prioritization, and direct service operations (more on that soon). However, there is no off-board fare collection. Instead, passengers pay upon entrance for in-bound trips and upon exit for outbound trips, which helps reduce delays in service because of fare collection.
}}</ref> operating on {{convert|4.3|mi|km}} of exclusive lanes. Its success led to the [[Martin Luther King Jr. East Busway]] in 1983, a fuller BRT deployment including a dedicated busway of {{convert|9.1|mile}}, [[traffic signal preemption]], and peak service headway as low as two minutes. After the opening of the [[West Busway]], {{convert|5.1|mile}} in length in 2000, Pittsburgh's Busway system is today over 18.5 miles long.

The [[OC Transpo]] BRT system in [[Ottawa]], Canada, was introduced in 1983.<ref name="trb">{{Cite web|url=http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp90v1_cs/Ottawa.pdf|title=Ottawa, Ontario: BRT Case Study|website=Transportation Research Board|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> The first element of its BRT system was dedicated bus lanes through the city centre, with platformed stops. The introduction of exclusive separate busways (termed 'Transitway') occurred in 1983. By 1996, all of the originally envisioned 31&nbsp;km Transitway system was in operation; further expansions were opened in 2009, 2011, and 2014. As of 2019, the central part of the Transitway has been converted to [[light rail transit]], due to the downtown section being operated beyond its designed capacity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.octranspo.com/about-octranspo/history_looking_back |title=History (Looking Back) |website=OC Transpo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818135732/http://www.octranspo.com/about-octranspo/history_looking_back |archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref>

In 1995, [[Quito]], Ecuador, opened [[MetrobusQ]] its first BRT [[trolleybuses in Quito]], using articulated trolleybuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://latamobility.com/en/quito-to-acquire-50-trolleybuses-to-improve-transportation-system/|title=Quito to Acquire 50 Trolleybuses to Improve Transportation System|website=latamobility|date=12 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://latamobility.com/en/|archive-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Quito Trole 08 2011 3343.jpg|thumb|Trolleybus in [[Quito]], Ecuador]]

The [[TransMilenio]] in [[Bogotá]], Colombia, opening in 2000, was the first BRT system to combine the best elements of Curitiba's BRT with other BRT advances, and achieved the highest capacity and highest speed BRT system in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bogota.gov.co/en/international/tips-using-transmilenio-system-your-first-visit-bogota|title=Tips for using the TransMilenio system on your first visit to Bogotá|website=Bogotá|archive-url=https://bogota.gov.co/en/|archive-date= 10 May 2022}}</ref>

In January 2004 the first BRT in Southeast Asia, [[Transjakarta]], opened in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia. {{As of|2015}}, at {{convert|210|km}}, it is the longest BRT system in the world.<ref name="JP-1">{{cite news | title = Train service has moved forward, can Transjakarta follow? | author = Bambang Nurbianto | date = 12 September 2015 | newspaper = The Jakarta Post | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/12/train-service-has-moved-forward-can-transjakarta-follow.html}}</ref>
[[File:Mercedes-Benz O 305 on guided busway in Adelaide.jpg|thumb|A [[Mercedes-Benz O305]] travelling on the [[O-Bahn Busway|O-Bahn]] in [[Adelaide]], Australia]]
Africa's first BRT system was opened in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, in March 2008 but is considered a light BRT system by many people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaenzig|first1=Robin|last2=Mobereola|first2=Dayo|last3=Brader|first3=Colin|date=4 February 2011|title=Africa's First Bus Rapid Transit System|journal=Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board|language=en|volume=2193|pages=1–8|doi=10.3141/2193-01|s2cid=109346601}}</ref> [[Johannesburg]], South Africa, BRT [[Rea Vaya]], was the first true BRT in Africa, in August 2009, carrying 16,000 daily passengers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adewumi|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Allopi|first2=Dhiren|date=July 2013|title=Rea Vaya: South Africa's first bus rapid transit system|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=109 |issue=7/8|page=3 |doi=10.1590/sajs.2013/a0029|doi-access=free}}</ref> Rea Vaya and [[Masivo Integrado de Occidente|MIO]] (BRT in [[Cali]], Colombia, opened 2009) were the first two systems to combine full BRT with some services that also operated in mixed traffic, then joined the BRT trunk infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Venter|first=Christoffel|title=Assessing the potential of bus rapid transit-led network restructuring for enhancing affordable access to employment – The case of Johannesburg's Corridors of Freedom|journal=Research in Transportation Economics|volume=59|pages=441–449|doi=10.1016/j.retrec.2016.05.006|year=2016|hdl=2263/60793|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In 2017 [[Marrakesh]], Morocco, opened its first [[BRT Marrakesh]] trolleybus system (BHNS De Marrakesh) trolleybuses Corridors of 8&nbsp;km (5.0&nbsp;mi), of which 3&nbsp;km (1.9&nbsp;mi) of overhead wiring for operation as trolleybus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in-motion.me/articles/2022-09-10_Marokko:-Marrakech-trolleybus-disaster|title=Marokko: Marrakech trolleybus disaster|website=in-motion.me|archive-url=https://in-motion.me/articles/2022-09-10|archive-date= 18 August 2022}}</ref>