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Caldecott Tunnel
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===Original twin bores=== In November 1926, the Counties of Alameda and Contra Costa, and the City of Oakland agreed to the construction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, small, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/californiahighwa193436calirich#page/n163/mode/2up/search/Berkeley ''California Highways and Public Works'', Official Journal of the Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, State of California, May, 1934, p.16]</ref> In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cavol3940liforniahigh6061wa00calirich#page/n263/mode/2up ''California Highways and Public Works'', Official Journal of the Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, State of California, Jul-August, 1960, p.31]</ref> Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/california193638highwacalirich#page/n597 ''California Highways and Public Works'', Official Journal of the Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, State of California, December, 1937, p.12]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/californiahighwa193436calirich#page/n163/mode/2up ''California Highways and Public Works'', Official Journal of the Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, State of California, May, 1934, p.15]</ref> On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/californiahighwa193436calirich#page/n235/mode/2up ''California Highways and Public Works'', Official Journal of the Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, State of California, July, 1934, p.16]</ref> The project included an extension of Broadway from its existing termination point below the hills some two miles from the planned west portal of the new tunnel. This required some major earth-moving efforts, both cutting and filling as well as buttressing, especially up in Temescal Canyon. This included filling in one of the inlets of Lake Temescal as well as part of the upper canyon where Broadway was to run. The entire project was completed in 1937, and the tunnel opened to traffic on December 5 of that year.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/california193638highwacalirich#page/n589/ ''California Highways and Public Works'', Official Journal of the Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, State of California, December, 1937, p.4]</ref> The tunnel was named the '''Broadway Low Level Tunnel''' (commonly shortened to '''Broadway Tunnel'''), since the principal through access was from Broadway in Oakland, and was located below the portal of the old Inter County Tunnel. However, access from Ashby Avenue was retained as it was designated the connecting thoroughfare from the [[Eastshore Highway]] (re-engineered as a freeway in the mid 1950s) and the new [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]], and dubbed State Highway 24. The approach to the east portal on the other side of the Berkeley Hills was via Mount Diablo Boulevard, also at that time part of State Highway 24. In 1960, the Broadway Low Level Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cavol3940liforniahigh6061wa00calirich/page/n369 ''California Highways and Public Works'', Official Journal of the Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, State of California, Vol.39, Nos.9-10, September-October, 1960, p.60]</ref>
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