Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Cambrai
(section)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
===Middle Ages=== Cambrai began to grow from a rural market into a real city during the [[Merovingian]] times, a long period of peace when the bishoprics of Arras and Cambrai were first unified (probably owing to the small number of clerics left at the time) and were later transferred to Cambrai, an administrative centre for the region. Successive bishops, including [[Gaugericus]] (in French Géry), founded abbeys and churches to host relics, which contributed powerfully to giving Cambrai both the appearance and functions of a city.<ref group=b>p.16</ref> [[File:Traité de Verdun 843.png|thumb|right|Following the [[Treaty of Verdun]], Cambrai found itself as a "median" border city of the kingdom of Lothair I with the western lands of Charles the Bald]] When the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in 843 split [[Charlemagne]]'s empire into three parts, the county of Cambrai fell into [[Lothair I|Lothaire]]'s kingdom. However, upon the death of [[Lothair II]], who had no heir, king [[Charles the Bald]] tried to gain control of his kingdom by having himself consecrated at [[Metz]]. Cambrai thus reverted, but only briefly, to the [[West Francia|Western Frankish Realm]]. In 870 the town was destroyed by the Normans.<ref>1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Cambrai"</ref> [[File:Beffoi de Cambrai.JPG|thumb|left|The belfry of Cambrai, the old bell tower of the Church of Saint Martin, symbol of communal freedoms]] In the Middle Ages the region around Cambrai, called Cambrésis, was a county. Rivalries between the count, who ruled the city and county, and the bishop, ceased when in 948 [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] granted the [[Archdiocese of Cambrai|bishop]] with temporal powers over the city.<ref group=b>p.29-30</ref> In 1007, Emperor [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] extended the bishop's temporal power to the territory surrounding Cambrai. The bishops then had both spiritual and temporal powers. This made Cambrai and Cambrésis a church principality, much like [[Liège]], an independent state which was part of the Holy Roman Empire. The spiritual power of the bishop was exercised over a vast diocese, which stretched on the right bank of the Scheldt to [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]], Brussels and Antwerp.<ref>Pierrard 1978, p.112</ref> In 954, the [[Hungarians|Magyars]] under [[Bulcsú (chieftain)|Bulcsú]] besieged Cambrai, which resisted all their attacks.<ref>{{citation |first1=Albert |last1=D'Haenens |title=Les incursions hongroises dans l'espace belge (954/955). Histoire ou historiographie ? |id=Cahiers de civilisation médiévale |year=1961 |volume=4, 4–16 |pages=423–440 |url=http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ccmed_0007-9731_1961_num_4_16_1204/article_ccmed_0007-9731_1961_num_4_16_1204.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151319/http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ccmed_0007-9731_1961_num_4_16_1204/article_ccmed_0007-9731_1961_num_4_16_1204.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> In 958 one of the first [[Communes of France|communal]] uprisings in Europe occurred in Cambrai. The inhabitants rebelled against Bishop Bérenger's power and abuses. The rebellion was severely repressed, but the discontent flared up again in the 10th and 11th centuries. Between 1077 and 1215, the [[Bourgeoisie|burghers]] had a charter franchise on at least four occasions. Each time, these were eventually withdrawn by the combined efforts of the bishops and emperors. In 1227, following another period of unrest, the burghers of Cambrai finally had to give up their charters and accept the bishop's authority. However, the ''Loi Godefroid'' promulgated by the bishop, in fact or in law, left the people a number of freedoms won in the management of communal affairs.<ref>Pierrard, 1978, p.100</ref> Cambrai is also known for its Irish [[Cambrai Homily|homily]]. ====Economic activity==== [[File:Cambrai - Cameracvm vulgo Cambray - Kamerijk (Atlas van Loon).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Plan of Cambrai drawn in 1649|Plan of Cambrai drawn in 1649, depicting the outline of the 11th century walls]] In the [[Middle Ages]], the city grew richer and larger thanks to its weaving industry which produced woollen cloth, linen and [[cambric]]. Cambrai, and in particular the drapery, experienced an economic decline from the 15th century.<ref group="b" name="p.98"/> Cambrai then belonged to a commercial [[Hanseatic League|hansa]] of seventeen low country cities whose aim was to develop trade with the fairs in [[Champagne, France|Champagne]] and [[Paris]]. By the 11th century the city walls had reached the circumference they would keep until the 19th century.{{cn|date=June 2024}} ====Music history==== [[File:DufayBinchois.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Dufay (left) in conversation with [[Gilles Binchois]]]] Cambrai has a distinguished musical history, particularly in the 15th century. The [[Old Cambrai Cathedral|cathedral]] there, a musical centre until the 17th century, had one of the most active musical establishments in the Low Countries; many composers of the [[Burgundian School]] either grew up and learned their craft there, or returned to teach. In 1428, Philippe de Luxembourg claimed that the cathedral was the finest in all of Christianity, for the fineness of its singing, its light, and the sweetness of its bells. [[Guillaume Dufay]], the most famous European musician of the 15th century, studied at the cathedral from 1409 to 1412 under Nicolas Malin and [[Richard Loqueville]], and returned in 1439 after spending many years in Italy. Cambrai cathedral had other famous composers in the later 15th century: [[Johannes Tinctoris]] and [[Johannes Ockeghem|Ockeghem]] went to Cambrai to study with Dufay.<ref group=b>p.93-94.</ref> Other composers included [[Nicolas Grenon]], [[Alexander Agricola]], and [[Jacob Obrecht]]. In the 16th century, [[Philippe de Monte]], [[Johannes Lupi]], and [[Jacobus de Kerle]] all worked there.
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)