Editing Canadian content (section)

===Music radio<span class="anchor" id="MAPL system"></span>===
{{redirect|MAPL|the MAPL planning language|Multi-Agent Planning Language}}
For music, the Canadian content requirements are referred to as the '''MAPL system''', referring to the ''music'', ''artist'', ''performance'' and ''lyrics''.

====Criteria====
To qualify as Canadian content a musical selection must generally fulfil at least two of the following conditions (one if recorded prior to January 1972):

*M (music) — the music is composed entirely by a Canadian
*A (artist) — the music is, or the lyrics are, performed principally by a Canadian
*P (performance) — the musical selection consists of a performance that is:
**Recorded wholly in Canada, or
**Performed wholly in Canada and broadcast live in Canada.
*L (lyrics) — the lyrics are written entirely by a Canadian<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2009 |title=The MAPL system – defining a Canadian song |url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/INFO_SHT/R1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220214343/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/info_sht/r1.htm |archive-date=December 20, 2013 |access-date=September 30, 2011 |publisher=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission}}</ref>
For the purposes of MAPL, a "Canadian" refers to a citizen, permanent resident, someone whose "ordinary place of residence" has been in Canada prior to their contribution to the musical selection, or someone who is a CRTC licensee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2009 |title=The MAPL system uses music, artist, lyrics and performance to define Canadian songs |url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/info_sht/r1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220214343/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/info_sht/r1.htm |archive-date=December 20, 2013 |access-date=2015-10-30 |publisher=CRTC}}</ref>

A musical selection may also qualify as Canadian content if it:

* Is an instrumental performance of a composition by a Canadian.
* Is a "performance of a musical composition that a Canadian has composed for instruments only."
* Was performed live or recorded after September 1, 1991, meets the criteria for either artist or performance, and a Canadian receives at least half of the credit for music and lyrics.
Some stations – especially those playing formats where there may be a limited number of Canadian recordings suitable for airplay, such as [[European classical music|classical]], [[jazz]] or [[oldies]], may be allowed by the CRTC to meet Canadian content targets as low as 20 per cent. Stations in [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[Ontario]], are also permitted to meet lower Canadian content targets, due to Windsor's proximity to the [[Metro Detroit]] media market in the United States. [[Community radio#Canada|Community radio]] and [[Campus radio#Canada|campus-based community radio stations]] often choose to meet higher Canadian content levels than commercial broadcasters, because of their mandate to support independent and underground and provide content not readily available on commercial radio or the CBC; however, this is a voluntary commitment made by these stations rather than a core CRTC requirement, and CanCon requirements may be lower for campus and community stations as they often air large quantities of category 3 music.

On [[satellite radio]] services, Canadian content regulation is applied in aggregate over the whole subscription package. [[Sirius XM Canada]] produces channels focused on Canadian music, talk, and spoken word programming (such as [[Canada Talks]], [[The Verge (XM)|The Verge]], and [[Just for Laughs Radio]]), and carries the CBC's main national networks ([[CBC Radio One]] and [[Ici Radio-Canada Première]]). All of these channels are incorporated into the overall lineup of the [[Sirius XM Radio|U.S. Sirius XM Radio]] service. The CBC also produced channels carried on the service, such as [[CBC Radio 3]], but these channels were quietly dropped from Sirius XM in 2022 in favour of making them exclusive to the CBC's [[internet radio]] platform [[CBC Music]], which does not require any subscription.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Assaly |first=Richie |date=2022-10-25 |title='Final nail in the coffin': Why SiriusXM dropping CBC Radio 3 is 'potentially catastrophic' for Canadian artists |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2022/10/25/final-nail-in-the-coffin-why-siriusxm-dropping-cbc-radio-3-is-potentially-catastrophic-for-canadian-artists.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108124215/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2022/10/25/final-nail-in-the-coffin-why-siriusxm-dropping-cbc-radio-3-is-potentially-catastrophic-for-canadian-artists.html |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-26 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |language=en}}</ref>

====History====
Following an extensive public hearing process organized by the CRTC, the MAPL system, created by [[Stan Klees]] (co-creator of the [[Juno Award]]), was adopted in 1971 to define and identify Canadian content in pieces of music for the purposes of increasing exposure of Canadian music on Canadian radio through content regulations governing a percentage (25%) of airplay to be devoted to Canadian music. The percentage was increased to 30% in the 1980s, and to 35% effective January 3, 1999. However, most new commercial radio stations licensed since 1999 have been licensed at 40%.<ref name="billboard">{{Cite magazine |last=LeBlanc |first=Larry |date=3 April 2004 |title=Radio Plays Favorites |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA70 |access-date=20 June 2017 |magazine=Billboard |page=70 |volume=116 |issue=14}}</ref>

Before the MAPL system was established in 1971, [[Music of Canada|Canadian music]] was regarded with indifference by Canadian radio, and during the 1960s, Canadian radio was dominated by [[British Invasion|British]] or American acts. This was a major hurdle for Canadian musicians, since they could not gain attention in their home country without having a hit single in the United States or Europe first.<ref name="newmood">{{Cite news |last=Rayner |first=Ben |date=April 19, 2019 |title=CanCon music survivors from Streetheart to Maestro Fresh Wes savouring the new mood in Canada |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2019/04/19/cancon-music-survivors-from-streetheart-to-maestro-fresh-wes-savouring-the-new-mood-in-canada.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419162040/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2019/04/19/cancon-music-survivors-from-streetheart-to-maestro-fresh-wes-savouring-the-new-mood-in-canada.html |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |work=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref> Even after MAPL was implemented in the early 1970s, some radio stations were criticized for [[ghettoization|ghettoizing]] their Canadian content to dedicated program blocks, in off-peak listening hours such as early mornings or after midnight, during which the music played would be almost entirely Canadian — thus having the effect of significantly reducing how many Canadian songs would actually have to be played during peak listening times.<ref name="baskerville">{{Cite book |last=Baskerville |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/musicbusinesshan0008bask |title=Music Business Handbook and Career Guide |date=2006 |publisher=Sherwood Publishing Partners, Sage Publications |isbn=1412904382 |edition=8th |page=[https://archive.org/details/musicbusinesshan0008bask/page/529 529] |lccn=2005003608 |url-access=registration}}</ref> These program blocks became mockingly known as "beaver hours,"<ref name=baskerville/> featuring Canadian songs selected from the "beaver bin."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) |title=ARCHIVED - Transcript - Hull, QC - 2001/04/24 |url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/transcripts/2001/tb0424.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208021733/https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/transcripts/2001/tb0424.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=crtc.gc.ca}}</ref> This practice is now reduced by CRTC regulations stipulating that CanCon percentages must be met between 6&nbsp;a.m. and 6&nbsp;p.m., rather than allowing a station to save all their Canadian content for off-peak hours.

Artists who were active in the early CanCon era in the 1970s and 1980s have noted that their music was often dismissed by Canadian audiences as inferior product, propped up by quotas rather than quality, if they were unable to replicate their Canadian success internationally.<ref name=newmood/> Yet, at the same time, artists who did break through internationally also ran the risk of becoming dismissed by Canadian audiences as no longer truly Canadian.<ref name=newmood/>

By the 1980s, there were a range CanCon requirements depending on the radio band (AM or FM) and music programming format.<ref name="Sholin">{{Cite magazine |last=Sholin |first=Dave |date=8 March 1985 |editor-last=Sholin |editor-first=Dave |title=Canadian Content—Check or Challenge |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Gavin-Report/80/85/Gavin-1985-03-08.pdf |access-date=15 January 2024 |magazine=[[Gavin Report]] |pages=13–14, 42 |issue=1547}}</ref>  [[AM radio]] required 30% of the music broadcast in a day be Canadian, and that these selections be "reasonably distributed throughout the [6:00 am to midnight] broadcast day".<ref name="Sholin" />  Five percent of all records had to be two-count Canadian.<ref name="Sholin" />  [[FM radio]] had different requirements; the CRTC's Peter G. Fleming explained in 1985 that "perceiving AM as low brow and FM as high brow [the CRTC] wanted to ensure the status quo".<ref name="Sholin" />  Hit music was limited on FM radio by restricting a single song to 3 plays per day and a playlist to only 50% top-40 hits.<ref name="Sholin" />  FM stations had to commit to play a certain format and each of these FM formats had a different CanCon quotas (e.g. The "Pop And Rock Softer" stations required 10% for [[easy listening]] and 20% for [[adult contemporary]], [[album-oriented rock]] stations were also at 20% and country at 30%).<ref name="Sholin" />

The 1991 half credit for music and lyrics provision was added after Canadian [[Bryan Adams]]' album ''[[Waking Up the Neighbours]]'' did not qualify as Canadian as Adams co-wrote both the music and the lyrics with South African producer [[Robert John "Mutt" Lange]], and he did not primarily record the album in Canada, and therefore only fulfilled one of the criteria fully. It was noted that if Adams had written all the lyrics, and Lange all the music (or vice versa), the collaboration would have counted as Canadian content. As a result, under CRTC regulations of the time, none of the album's songs were considered Canadian content.<ref name="Canadian Content">{{Cite web |title=Ruling the Airwaves: The CRTC and Canadian Content |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/the_media/topics/1150-6306/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521104955/http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/the_media/topics/1150-6306/ |archive-date=May 21, 2011 |access-date=2008-06-24 |website=CBC News}}</ref><ref name="Bryan Adams biography2">{{Cite web |title=Bryan Adams biography |url=http://pabsttheater.org/bryanadams |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716111958/http://pabsttheater.org/bryanadams |archive-date=2012-07-16 |access-date=2008-06-24 |publisher=pabsttheater.org}}</ref> 

In December 2022, the CRTC announced a proposal to update the MAPL system to account for changes in the music industry and reduce regulatory burden. The proposal would remove the "performance" condition entirely, and only require lyrics and music to be principally (at least 50%) written or composed by a Canadian to qualify as Canadian content.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) |date=2022-12-07 |title=Revised Commercial Radio Policy |url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2022/2022-332.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221005707/https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2022/2022-332.htm |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=crtc.gc.ca}}</ref>