Editing Cape Dutch (section)

==Society and politics==
[[File:Sir Christoffel Brand00.jpg|thumb|[[Christoffel Brand]], proponent for a Cape Dutch ethnic consciousness]]
The creation of a distinct Cape Dutch society was closely linked to the evolution of Cape Dutch group identities and [[Afrikaner nationalism]]. During the 1830s a small group of professionals in [[Cape Town]] made the first concerted attempt to simulate a sense of cultural identity among white Dutch speakers in the Western Cape, based on a shared language and history.<ref name=Afrikaners/> This led to the formation of the first true Cape Dutch social institutions, namely the first Dutch university in the colony, the {{lang|nl|Zuid-Afrikaansche Athenaeum}}, and periodicals and societies aimed at Dutch speakers.<ref name=Afrikaners/> In 1824, a Dutch periodical, the {{lang|nl|Nederduitsch Zuid-Afrikaansch Tijdschrift}}, appeared. A society for the promotion of the community's history and the arts was also established, the {{lang|nl|Maatschappij ter uitbreiding van Beschaving en Letterkunde}}.<ref name=Manners/> [[Christoffel Brand]], son of a former Dutch colonial official and first Speaker of the [[Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope]], was one of the most outspoken proponents for a unique Afrikaner ethnic consciousness.<ref name=Manners/> Brand argued that "England has taken from the old colonists of the Cape everything that was dear to them: their country, their laws, their customs, their slaves, their money, yes even their mother tongue...[they] had done everything to prove that they wanted to be British, while their conquerors had continually worked to remind them they were Hollanders".<ref name=Manners/> In 1830, {{lang|nl|[[De Zuid-Afrikaan]]}} was started as a Dutch-language newspaper to counter the dominant influence of English journalism in the Western Cape.<ref name=Kultuur>{{cite book|last= Afọlayan|first=Funso|title=Culture and Customs of South Africa|date=1997|pages=108–109|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0313320187}}</ref>

In sharp contrast with the independently minded Boers, the Cape Dutch had no initial objection to the imposition of British rule for several decades, or even with the political domination of British colonists at the Cape.<ref name=Afrikaners/> They hoped that the British government could grant preferential tariffs on Cape exports and were grateful for the latter's decision to impose local tariffs on imported wine and other products.<ref name=Afrikaners/> For its part the Cape Dutch elite stressed its loyalty to the British Empire and indeed looked for common cause with British immigrants as part of a wider [[white South African]] nationality rather than focusing on a narrow Cape colonial identity.<ref name=Manners/> Despite this, heavy-handed attempts to assimilate the Cape Dutch into the British way of life, including the adoption of the English language and British customs, aroused resentment.<ref name=Game>{{cite book|last=Booth|first=Douglas|title=The Race Game: Sport and Politics in South Africa|date=1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/racegamesportpol0000boot/page/28 28–32]|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-0714647999|url=https://archive.org/details/racegamesportpol0000boot/page/28}}</ref> As the Cape Dutch began to embrace their position as a distinct society, concerns mounted that they were becoming estranged from their language and heritage. Opposition mounted toward the perceived campaign to make English the sole official language and give the colony an essentially British identity.<ref name=Game/> The imposition of English in the Cape commerce, judiciary, and its political affairs made English a prerequisite for most professional careers.<ref name=Game/> However, the Cape Dutch made no significant moves to resist until the British abolished the use of Dutch in public education, around 1865.<ref name=Game/> This provoked a storm of outrage by Cape Dutch journalists, teachers, and clergy and alienated the Dutch-speaking intelligentsia.<ref name=Game/> Shortly afterwards the Cape Dutch began to articulate widespread ethnic sentiments for the first time, and explore political strategies based on ethnic mobilisation.<ref name=Game/> This may be regarded as the beginning of militant Afrikaner nationalism in the Cape, as the previously apolitical community began to form movements to defend its traditional values and dogma from anglicisation.<ref name=Afrikaners/> Among these was the [[Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners]], established with a sworn determination to stand for "our language, our nation, and our people".<ref name=Kultuur/> This coincided the beginning of a new trend as the Cape Dutch embraced the [[Afrikaans]] language for the first time as a symbol of their ethnic and national pride; for example, in 1876, Cape Dutch civic leaders sponsored the publication of the first Afrikaans language newspaper, {{lang|af|[[Die Afrikaanse Patriot]]}}.<ref name=Kultuur/> Previously, most Cape Dutch were actually bilingual in both Netherlands Dutch and Afrikaans, although they preferred the former.<ref name=Manners/> Afrikaans was seen as a language of servants, illiterate Boers, and nonwhites.<ref name=Manners/> The wholehearted embrace and promotion of Afrikaans during the late nineteenth century marked a reversal in this respect, although it did meet some resistance.<ref name=Manners/> The Dutch Reformed Church continued to uphold Netherlands Dutch as the language of worship, and Cape intellectuals also ridiculed what they saw as an attempt to elevate the status of a "crude [[patois]]".<ref name="Tamarkin">{{cite book | last = Tamarkin| first = Mordechai| title = Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners: The Imperial Colossus and the Colonial Parish Pump| year = 1996|edition= 1996|pages= 52–92 | publisher = Frank Cass & Co. Ltd| isbn = 978-0714642673}}</ref>
[[File:Afrikaanse Patriot.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Front page of an issue of the ''[[Afrikaanse Patriot]]'']]
In 1880 [[Stephanus Jacobus du Toit]] founded the {{lang|af|[[Afrikaner Bond]]}} political party to coordinate activities between the {{lang|af|Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners|italics=no}} and other civic associations.<ref name=Game/> One of the goals of the Afrikaner Bond was to challenge the preponderance of English-speaking settlers in commerce by establishing their own banks, which then set up education funds for the Afrikaner community and helped Afrikaans-speaking entrepreneurs secure loans.<ref name=Game/> With the renewed Cape Dutch interest in political affairs, their representation in parliament reached parity with English speakers and the Afrikaner Bond's influence grew.<ref name=Game/> Most of the parliamentarians were merchants or financial middlemen, who won their seats not only on the votes of the Cape Dutch, but also Boers in their outlying constituencies who felt indebted to them.<ref name=Afrikaners/> Over the next decade, the Afrikaner Bond successfully lobbied for equal recognition of the Dutch language in courts and schools.<ref name=Game/>

The Bond's rhetoric of economic empowerment attracted widespread support from the small but wealthy Cape Dutch landowning gentry, which felt threatened by the growing influence Anglophone farmers were acquiring over aspects of state policy pertaining to agriculture and land use.<ref name=Farmer>{{cite book|last=Beinart|first=William|title=The Rise of Conservation in South Africa: Settlers, Livestock, and the Environment 1770-1950|url=https://archive.org/details/riseconservation00bein|url-access=limited|date=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/riseconservation00bein/page/n43 19]|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199541225}}</ref> However, as time went on it focused less on immediate practical concerns such as opposing Anglophone agendas and adopted pan-Afrikaner nationalism and the eventual unification of South Africa under a unitary state as its core principles.<ref name="Tamarkin"/> The Bond did succeed in unifying Cape Dutch and Boer political agendas when it became amalgamated with {{lang|nl|[[Het Volk (political party)|Het Volk]]}} and the {{lang|af|Oranje Unie}}, the leading parties in the Transvaal and former Orange Free State, respectively, to form the [[South African Party]] in 1910.<ref name=Game/> This became the first ruling party of the [[Union of South Africa]] and retained power until 1924.<ref name=Game/>