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Carduus
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==Ecology== Several ''Carduus'' are notorious [[invasive species|invasive plants]] outside their native range, for example, in [[Australia]]<ref>[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Carduus ''Carduus''.] PlantNET. National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.</ref> and the [[United States]].<ref name=cdfa>[https://archive.today/20131101030959/http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/ipc/weedinfo/carduus.htm Genus ''Carduus''.] Encycloweedia. California Department of Food and Agriculture.</ref> Species such as ''C. acanthoides'', ''C. nutans'', ''C. pycnocephalus'', and ''C. tenuiflorus'' easily become weedy in disturbed habitat, such as [[overgrazing|overgrazed]] pasture. ''C. nutans'' is [[allelopathy|allelopathic]], producing compounds that inhibit the growth and development of other plants.<ref name=cdfa/> Agents of [[biological pest control]] that have been used against weedy ''Carduus'' thistles include the [[Rhinocyllus conicus|thistle head weevil]] (''Rhinocyllus conicus''), [[Trichosirocalus horridus|thistle crown weevil]] (''Trichosirocalus horridus''), and [[Cheilosia corydon|thistle crown fly]] (''Cheilosia corydon''). The [[Puccinia carduorum|musk thistle rust]] (''Puccinia carduorum''), a [[fungus]], may also be used against ''C. nutans''.<ref name=cdfa/>
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