Editing Castration (section)

===Europe===
==== Slavery ====
The employment or enslavement of eunuchs (castrated men) was practiced in classical and [[Castration in ancient Rome|Roman antiquity]] and continued into the Middle Ages. In the 10th century, slave traders in Verdun in France and in Becâne ([[Pechina]]), Spain, castrated captives who were then enslaved as harem attendants in [[Al-Andalus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gök |first1=H. İbrahim |date= 2013 |title=The Slave Trade and its Routes in the Mediterranean Region in the Middle Ages |journal=Studia et Documenta Turcologica |volume=2013 |number=1 |pages=173–191 |issn=2344-6560 |publisher=Presa Universitară Clujeană| location=Cluj-Napoca, Romania|quote=From the ancient world on, slavery was a tragic phenomenon in the social and cultural life of human society.|quote-page=173 }}</ref>

==== Punishment ====
[[Edward Gibbon]]'s ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'' reports castration of defeated [[Byzantine Greeks]] at the hands of the [[Franks|Frankish]] marquis [[Theobald I of Spoleto|Theobald]] of Camerino and Spoleto in the course of 10th-century wars in Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] |chapter=Chapter 56 |chapter-url= https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/25717-h.htm#Elink562HCH0002 |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> Gibbon also alludes to a 12th-century incident set out in [[William Fitzstephen]]'s ''Vita Sancti Thomae'' (''Life of [[Thomas Becket|St. Thomas]]'') in which [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou|Geoffrey of Anjou]] castrated the members of the cathedral chapter of [[Sens Cathedral|Sens]] as a punishment for disobedience.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |chapter=Chapter 59 |via=[[Project Gutenberg]] |chapter-url= https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/25717-h.htm#Flink692HCH0001 |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gourde |first= Leo T. |title=An Annotated Translation of the Life of St. Thomas Becket by William Fitzstephen |year=1943 |publisher=[[Loyola University Chicago]] |journal=Master's Theses |volume=622 |page=100 |url= https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/622 |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> In the medieval [[kingdom of Georgia]], the 12th-century [[pretender]] [[Demna of Georgia|Demna]] was castrated by his uncle [[George III of Georgia]] to ensure the supremacy of George's branch of the family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eastmond|first=Antony|title=Royal imagery in medieval Georgia|year= 1998| publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|location= University Park, Pennsylvania |isbn= 0271016280| page= 107| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2KPdSQU-Bx4C&pg=PA107 | via= Google Books }}</ref> Another victim of castration was the 12th-century medieval French philosopher, scholar, teacher, and (later) monk [[Pierre Abélard]]. He was castrated by relatives of his lover, [[Heloise (student of Abelard)|Héloïse]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Bertrand |title=The History of Western Philosophy |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00russ |url-access= registration |date=1945 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page= [https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00russ/page/436 436]}}</ref> [[Wimund|Bishop Wimund]], a 12th-century English adventurer and invader of the Scottish coast, was blinded and castrated after losing a power struggle.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Newburgh (of) |first1=William |title=Selections from the "Historia rerum anglicarum" of William of Newburgh, by Charles Johnson, M. A. |date=1920 |publisher=SPCK |page=21 |chapter-url= https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4923649W/Selections_from_the_Historia_rerum_anglicarum_of_William_of_Newburgh_by_Charles_Johnson_M._A |access-date=31 January 2020 |language=la |chapter=24 | via= openlibrary.org}}</ref> In medieval England, men found guilty of [[high treason]] were [[hanged, drawn and quartered]], which often included [[emasculation]] (removal of the genitalia).<ref>{{cite book|last=Bellamy|first=John|title=The Tudor Law of Treason|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|year=1979|isbn=978-0-7100-8729-4|location=London|pages=202–204}}</ref>
[[File:Castration.jpg|right|thumb|The procedure of castration as punishment during the 16th century]]

==== Modern era ====
[[Wim Deetman]] was criticized by the Dutch parliament for excluding evidence of castration<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/time-truth-about-catholic-sex-abuse-netherlands|title=Time for the truth about Catholic sex abuse in the Netherlands|work=RNW|access-date=21 March 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120321230333/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/time-truth-about-catholic-sex-abuse-netherlands|archive-date=21 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> in his report on sexual abuse by the Roman Catholic Church, where ten children were allegedly "punished" by castration in the 1950s for reporting sexual abuse by Roman Catholic priests. The Deetman Commission had rejected it as the person who reported the incident admitted it was speculative. 

In Spain, a law against castration was used to deny sex-reassignment surgery to transgender people until the Penal Code was reformed in 1983.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Transexualidades: Otras Miradas Posibles|last= Missé|first=Miquel|publisher=Editorial EGALES|year=2013|isbn= 978-84-15899-13-6|location=Barcelona|pages=37}}</ref>