Editing Census (section)

===Egypt===
{{main|Census in Egypt}}

The earliest Egyptian census was the [[cattle count]], which counted not people but livestock (especially but not exclusively cows) for taxation purposes. During the early [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom]] it was taken every two years; the frequency increased over time. Human censuses in Egypt first appeared in the late [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] and developed in the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]].<ref>D. Valbelle. "Les recensements dans l'Egypte pharaonique des troisième et deuxième millénaires" CRIPEL 9 (1987)  37 - 49.</ref> [[Herodotus]] wrote that [[Ahmose I]], first monarch of the New Kingdom, required every Egyptian to declare annually to the [[nomarch]], "whence he gained his living".<ref>Herodotus, Histories II, 177, 2</ref> Under the [[Ptolemies]] and the [[Roman Egypt|Romans]] several censuses were conducted in Egypt by government officials.<ref>Paul Cartledge, Peter Garnsey, Erich S. Gruen Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in Culture, History, and Historiography  242 ss.</ref>