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Chalcis
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=== Middle Ages and early Modern period === {{Further |Triarchy of Negroponte}} [[File:Negroponte by Giacomo Franco.jpg|thumb|Venetian map of Chalcis (Negroponte) (1597).]] [[File:Αγία Παρασκευή Χαλκίδα 2658.jpg|thumb|Church of [[Paraskevi of Rome|Saint Paraskevi]], patron saint of Chalkis]] [[File:Negroponte - Coronelli Vincenzo - 1687.jpg|thumb|left|Negroponte by [[Vincenzo Coronelli]], 1687]] [[File:Κάστρο Καράμπαμπα 0039.jpg|thumb|The Ottoman fortress of Karababa]] [[File:A church in Chalkida.JPG|thumb|St Nicholas church]] It is recorded as a city in the 6th-century ''[[Synecdemus]]'' and mentioned by the contemporary historian [[Procopius of Caesarea]], who recorded that a movable bridge linked the two shores of the strait.<ref name="ODB">{{cite encyclopedia | last=Gregory | first=Timothy E. | title = Chalkis in Greece | editor-last=Kazhdan | editor-first=Alexander | editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan |year=1991 | encyclopedia =[[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6 | page=407}}</ref> In [[Byzantine]] times, Chalcis was usually called '''Euripos''', a name also applied to the entire island of Euboea, although the ancient name survived in administrative and ecclesiastical usage until the 9th century; alternatively, it is possible that the name was given anew to a settlement that was founded in the 9th century in the location of the ancient city, after the latter had been abandoned in the early Middle Ages.<ref name="ODB"/> The town survived an [[Siege of Euripos|Arab naval raid]] in the 880s and its bishop is attested in the [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)|869–70 Church council]] held at [[Constantinople]].<ref name="ODB"/> By the 12th century, the town featured a [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] trading station, being attacked by the Venetian fleet in 1171 and eventually seized by Venice in 1209, in the aftermath of the [[Fourth Crusade]].<ref name="ODB"/> For Westerners, its common name was Negropont or Negroponte. This name comes indirectly from the Greek name of the [[Euripus Strait]]: the phrase στὸν Εὔριπον 'to Evripos', was [[rebracketing|rebracketed]] as στὸ Νεὔριπον 'to Nevripos', and became Negroponte in Italian by [[folk etymology]], the ''ponte'' 'bridge' being interpreted as the bridge of Chalcis<ref name="gibbon">Edward Gibbon, ''[[The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'', J.B. Bury, ed., Methuen, 1898 [https://books.google.com/books?id=FeU7AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA390 p. '''6''':390], footnote 69</ref> to [[Boeotia]]. The town was a condominium between Venice and the [[Verona|Veronese]] barons of the rest of Euboea, known as the "[[triarchy of Negroponte|triarchs]]", who resided there. Chalcis or Negroponte became a [[Latin Church]] [[diocese]], see below. A large hoard of late medieval jewellery dating from Venetian times was found in Chalcis Castle in the nineteenth century and is now in the [[British Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x28835?id=x28835&page=4#page-top|title=Collection search: You searched for|website=British Museum|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref> The synagogue dated to around 1400.{{sfnp|''JE''|1902}} Negroponte played a significant role in the history of [[Frankokratia|Frankish Greece]], and was attacked by the [[Principality of Achaea]] in the [[War of the Euboeote Succession]] (1257/8), the [[Catalan Company]] in 1317, the Turks in 1350/1, until it was finally captured by the [[Ottoman Empire]] after a [[Siege of Negroponte (1470)|long siege]] in 1470.<ref name="ODB"/> That siege is the subject of the [[Rossini]] opera'' [[Maometto II]]''. The Ottomans made it the seat of the Admiral of the [[Eyalet of the Archipelago|Archipelago]] (the Aegean Islands). In 1688, it was [[Siege of Negroponte (1688)|successfully held]] by the Ottomans against a strong Venetian attack.<ref>[[Kevin Andrews (writer)|Kevin Andrews]], ''Castles of the Morea.'' Gennadeion Monographs 4. Princeton: ASCSA Publications 2006 [1953]. p. 185-6</ref>
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