Editing Chapultepec (section)

==First section==
[[Image:Museo Nacional de Antropologia (5605429532).jpg|thumb|right|[[National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)|National Museum of Anthropology]]]]
[[File: MX TV JARDÍN BOTÁNICO DEL BOSQUE DE CHAPULTEPEC - 51224163890.jpg |thumb|Path through the [[botanical garden]] in the first section]]
The oldest and most visited portion of the park is called the "first section".<ref name="microcosm"/> It is the most developed area, and it has a wrought iron fence and gates that extend around its perimeter.<ref name="microcosm"/><ref name="nocturno">{{cite web |url= http://www.inah.gob.mx/index.php/especiales/232-nocturno-a-chapultepec- |author= Carlos Perez Gallardo |title= Nocturno a Chapultepec |publisher=INAH |date=December 14, 2009 |location=Mexico |language=es |access-date=December 12, 2010 }}</ref> These fences mostly separate it from the streets that form its boundaries: [[Avenida Constituyentes]] ([[:es:Avenida Constituyentes (Ciudad de México)|es]]), Paseo de la Reforma, Calzada Chivatito, and the [[Anillo Periférico]]. The interior measures {{convert|274.03|ha|acre|abbr=off}}, with {{convert|182|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of this being undeveloped green space.<ref name="1seccion"/> It contains most of the best known of the park's attractions, such as the Lago Menor (Small Lake), the Nezahuacoyotl Fountain, the Fuente de las Ranas, the Quixote Fountain, the Templanza Fountain, the Altar a la Patria, the [[Obelisco a los Niños Héroes]], the [[Monumento a las Águilas Caídas]] (Monument to Fallen Eagles), The Ahuehuete, and the Baths of Moctezuma. The best-known museums in the park are in this section, including [[Chapultepec Castle|Museo Nacional de Historia-Chapultepec Castle]], the [[Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola|Casa del Lago]], the [[National Auditorium]], the [[Centro Cultural del Bosque]] ([[:es:Centro Cultural del Bosque (Ciudad de México)|es]]), the [[National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)|National Museum of Anthropology]], the [[Museo Rufino Tamayo, Mexico City|Rufino Tamayo Museum]], and the [[Museo de Arte Moderno]] (Modern Art Museum). It also contains the [[Chapultepec Zoo]], the Jardín de la Tercera Edad, and the Audiorama.<ref name="1seccion"/> These are connected by various paved paths, many of which have names such as the Avenue of the Poets, which is lined with bronze busts of famous literary figures.<ref name="breathe">{{cite news |title= Residents Breathe Deep as Mexico City Park Reopens |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-15-fg-park15-story.html |author= Reed Johnson |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles |date=June 15, 2005 }}</ref> The pathway also has trees that are hundreds of years old.<ref name="1seccion"/>

This section of the park also contains the geological formation that gave the park/forest its name: Chapultepec Hill. It is a formation of volcanic rock and [[andesite]], which is common in the Valley of Mexico and contains small caves and sand deposits.<ref name="cerro"/> "Chapultepec" in Nahuatl means "grasshopper hill" but it is not clear whether the "Chapul" (grasshopper) part refers to the shape of the hill, or the abundance of grasshoppers in the surrounding woods.<ref name="microcosm"/> This hill was considered special during the pre-Hispanic period from the Toltecs in the 12th century to the Aztecs up to the time of the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Conquest by the Spanish]]. Remains of a Toltec altar have been found at the top of the hill, a number of burials and its use was reserved only for [[Tlatoani|Aztec emperors]] and other elite.<ref name="cerro"/><ref name="indaabin">{{cite web |url=http://www.indaabin.gob.mx/dgpif/historicos/bosque.htm |title=Bosque de Chapultepec |publisher=INDAABIN |location=Mexico |language=es |access-date=December 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722230036/http://www.indaabin.gob.mx/dgpif/historicos/bosque.htm |archive-date=2011-07-22 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

After the Conquest, a small chapel dedicated to the [[Archangel Michael]] was built on the hill by [[Claudio de Arciniega]] in the middle of the 16th century.<ref name="cerro" /> In the 18th century, the Spanish built the Chapultepec Castle, which initially was a summer retreat for [[viceroy]]s.<ref name="microcosm" /><ref name="indaabin" /> After the [[Mexican War of Independence|Independence]], the Castle remained for the elite, becoming the official residence of Mexico's heads of state, including the [[Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico|Emperor Maximilian]], who had the Paseo de la Reforma built to connect this area with the historic center of the city. During this time, the Castle and the gardens around it were enlarged and embellished a number of times, giving the Castle a floorspace of {{cvt|10000|m2|ft2}}. The most outstanding of the patios and garden is the Alcázar.<ref name="cerro" /><ref name="indaabin" /> In 1940, the president's residence was moved to the nearby [[Los Pinos]] complex, and the castle was converted into the [[Museo Nacional de Historia|National Museum of History]], under the auspices of the federal government, along with the rest of the hill.<ref name="microcosm" /><ref name="cerro" /> The museum contains twelve rooms which are open to the public, many of which as they were when the Emperor Maximilian lived there. It also contains a collection of furniture from the colonial period to the 19th century, utensils, suits, coins, manuscripts, sculptures in clay ivory and silver, and many other art works. A number of items belonged to figures such as [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]], [[José María Morelos y Pavón]], [[Agustín de Iturbide]], [[Benito Juárez]], [[Emiliano Zapata]], and others.<ref name="nocturno" /> In addition, there are murals by [[José Clemente Orozco]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]] and [[Juan O'Gorman]].<ref name="cerro" /> At the foot of the hill, there is a large monument to the Niños Héroes (also called the Altar a la Patria), who reportedly threw themselves to their death at the Castle rather than surrendering to [[Battle for Mexico City|invading US troops in 1847]].<ref name="microcosm" /> This monument consist of six marble columns surrounding a mausoleum with the remains of the six cadets, and a figure of a woman who represents Mexico.<ref name="rincones6470">{{cite book |editor1-first= Victor Manuel |editor1-last= Jimenez Gonzalez |title= Ciudad de Mexico Guia para descubir los encantos de la Ciudad de Mexico |trans-title=Mexico City: Guide to discover the charms of Mexico City |year=2009 |publisher= Editorial Oceano de Mexico SA de CV |location= Mexico City |language=es |isbn=978-607-400-061-0 |pages=64–70 }}</ref>
[[File:A tribute to the children heroes.jpg|thumb|left|[[Monumento a los Niños Héroes]]]]

The Chapultepec Zoo is the most visited attraction of the park, especially on Sundays. It is estimated that half of all park visitors come to the zoo.<ref name="pulmonverde">{{cite news |title=Chapultepec es el pulmón verde más importante, representa el 52% de áreas verdes de nuestra ciudad. |url=http://www.esmas.com/fundaciontelevisa/televisaverde/pages/probosque.html |newspaper=Televisa |location=Mexico City |date=May 31, 2010 |access-date=December 12, 2010 |language=es |trans-title=Chapultepec is the most important "green lung" representing 52% of green areas in our city |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003050431/http://www.esmas.com/fundaciontelevisa/televisaverde/pages/probosque.html |archive-date=October 3, 2012 }}</ref> The zoo was established by [[Alfonso L. Herrera]], a biologist, and opened in 1924.<ref name="herrera"/> Herrera's intention was to reestablish the zoo tradition of the old Aztec emperors and improve upon it. He began with species native to Mexico and then added others from the rest of the world. He modeled the zoo after the [[Bioparco di Roma]] in Rome, Italy. Between 1950 and 1960, the zoo expanded and added new species. In 1975, the zoo obtained two [[panda]]s from China. Since then, at least eight panda cubs have been born at the zoo, making it the first institution outside of China to breed the species. From 1992 to 1994, the zoo was completely remodeled, categorizing exhibits by habitat rather than type of species. Some of the most important Mexican species at the facility include a rabbit native to only a few volcanoes in Mexico, the [[volcano rabbit]], the [[Mexican wolf]], [[ocelot]], [[jaguar]] and [[axolotl]].<ref name="herrera"/><ref name="zoohistoria">{{cite web|url=http://www.chapultepec.df.gob.mx/historia/index.php |title=Historia |work=Zoologico de Chapultepec |publisher=Government of Mexico City |location=Mexico City |language=es |trans-title=History |access-date=December 12, 2010 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225324/http://www.chapultepec.df.gob.mx/historia/index.php |archive-date=July 22, 2011 }}</ref> Today, it has 16,000 animals of 270 species, separated into four sections according to habitat: tropical forest, temperate forest, desert, and grassland. About one third of the animals are native to Mexico.<ref name="pulmonverde"/>

Most of the museums in the first section are located along Paseo de la Reforma.<ref name="pulmonverde"/> Of all of the museums in the park, the most famous is the National Museum of Anthropology, considered one of the most famous archeological museums in the world. The museum has a number of antecedents beginning from the colonial period, but the current institution was created in the 1960s with the building and grounds designed by architect [[Pedro Ramírez Vázquez]]. This museum has an area of {{cvt|44000|m2|ft2}} and 25 exhibit halls with sections devoted to each of the major pre-Hispanic civilizations in Mexico, including the Aztec, [[Maya civilization|Maya]], Toltec, and [[Olmec]].<ref name="microcosm"/><ref name="rincones6470"/> The permanent collection is quite large, and many visitors spend several hours seeing it. There are also temporary exhibits displayed year-round.<ref name="microcosm"/> The Rufino Tamayo Museum is in the first section on Paseo de la Reforma. The permanent collection mostly focuses on the namesake, but there are also works by other Mexican and foreign artists that Tamayo donated.<ref name="microcosm"/> During his lifetime, Tamayo collected one of the most important collections of 20th-century art, which included art works from [[Andy Warhol]], [[Picasso]], [[Miró]], [[Fernando Botero]], [[Magritte]], and about 100 others.<ref name="rincones6470"/>
[[File:Castillo de Chapultepec (Museo Nacional de Historia).JPG|thumb|[[Chapultepec Castle]] on top of Chapultepec Hill]]
The [[Museo de Arte Moderno]] (Museum of Modern Art) is located on Paseo de la Reforma and Calle Gandhi, and it hosts various temporary exhibits.<ref name="microcosm"/> The museum's complex was constructed using modern architecture techniques, which consisted of two circular buildings surrounding a sculpture garden. It contains one of the leading collections of modern art of the 20th century of Mexico. Artists include [[Dr. Atl]], [[Frida Kahlo]], David Alfaro Siqueiros, and [[Remedios Varo]].<ref name="rincones6470"/>

The Casa de Cultura Quinta Colorada was originally a former accommodation for the forest rangers of the area in the early 20th century. The house was made using European style architecture techniques. It hosts various cultural activities for visitors and has a small planetarium.<ref name="rincones6470"/>

At the foot of the Chapultepec Hill is an extension of the Museum of History called the [[Museo del Caracol]] (Snail Museum). This museum narrates the [[history of Mexico]] in the winding form of a snail, the shape of the building from which its name comes.<ref name="rincones6470"/>

The [[Luis Barragán House and Studio]] is the former home of architect [[Luis Barragán]]. The house was kept nearly intact since 1948, including the workshop. It also exhibits artworks from the 19th and 20th century.<ref name="rincones6470"/>

One of the most popular features in the first section is an artificial lake called the Lago Menor (Smaller Lake).<ref name="microcosm"/><ref name="cerro"/> It is one of two lakes in the park; the larger one, Lago Mayor, is in the second section. Lagor Menor, however, attracts more visitors than the other. Visitors can rent paddleboats and small rowboats at the lake. The Lago Menor was created in the late 19th century, when the first section (then the entire park) was redesigned. At the same time Lago Menor was created, the Casa del Lago was constructed. It is shallow with an average depth of a little over one meter.<ref name="pulmonverde"/> The Casa del Lago, also called the Restaurante del Lago, is now a restaurant that serves continental food and some Mexican dishes.<ref name="microcosm"/>

[[File:NezaMonumentFountainChapultepec3.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]] Fountain in Chapultepec Park]]
In addition to the lake, there are a number of large fountains. The Quixote Fountain is surrounded by four benches covered in tile with images of [[Don Quixote]]. To the side of this plaza, there are two columns. On the right there is a figure of Quixote with the face of [[Salvador Dalí]] and on the other side, there is a depiction of [[Sancho Panza]] with the face of [[Diego Rivera]]. Both statues were made of bronze by [[José María Fernández Urbina]].<ref name="nocturno"/> The Fuente de las Ranas (Fountain of the Frogs) was created in the 1920s, by Miguel Alessio Robles in [[Seville]], Spain.<ref name="nocturno"/> The Nezahualcoyotl Fountain was inaugurated in 1956. It measures {{cvt|1250|m2|ft2}} and surrounds a statue of the Aztec ruler nine meters tall in black stone.<ref name="rincones6470"/>

Throughout the first section, there are different kinds of trees; the most common one is the Montezuma cypress, locally called "ahuehuetes". A number of these are hundreds of years old, although there are far fewer due to a past disease epidemic.<ref name="microcosm"/><ref name="pulmonverde"/> One dead specimen is called the Ahuehuete of Moctezuma, commonly referred to as [[El Sargento]] (The Sargeant) or as the Centinela (Sentinel). The last two names were given by cadets of the [[Heroic Military Academy (Mexico)|Heroic Military Academy]] during the 19th century. The 500-year-old tree remains as a monument to the area's history, measuring {{convert|50|m|ft|}} high, forty in circumference. Another tree of the species, still living, is El Tlatoani, which is more than 700 years old and is the oldest tree in the park. In addition to these trees, there are sequoias, cedars, palms, [[Populus|poplars]], pines, [[ginkgo]]s, and more.<ref name="pulmonverde"/>

Los Pinos has been the official residence of the presidents of Mexico since 1941. Though the presidential residence is inside the park, there is no public access to it. The residence is made up of white stucco structures; this architecture can be seen from Molino del Rey, a former millhouse and site of [[Battle of Molino del Rey|a battle of the Mexican–American War in 1847]].<ref name="microcosm"/> Los Pinos is on one edge of the park.<ref name="pulmonverde"/>

The National Auditorium is one of Mexico City's principal arenas. It primarily hosts musical ensembles and dance troupes. Singers from Mexico and abroad perform there yearlong.<ref name="microcosm"/> The park hosts a number of cultural events during the year. One of them is the performance of ''[[Swan Lake]]'', which is conducted on a stage in Lago Menor. This performance has been given since 1978 in warmer months.<ref name="microcosm"/><ref name="rincones6470"/> Night tours by train that go around the park are popular around Christmas time, when many of the attractions are lit for the season. The [[Ballet Folklórico de México]] also holds performances on occasion at Chapultepec Castle.<ref name="nocturno"/>