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Circumfix
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===East Asian languages=== In [[Japanese language|Japanese]], some linguists consider ''o-{{circumfix|...}}-ni naru'' (o- [[Honorific speech in Japanese#Honorific prefixes|honorific prefix]] + ni particle + verb naru) and ''o-{{circumfix|...}}-suru'' (o- prefix + -suru suffix/verb suru) to be [[Honorific speech in Japanese|honorific]] circumfixes;<ref>{{citation |last1=Boeckx |first1=Cedric |last2=Niinuma |first2=Fumikazu |title=Conditions on Agreement in Japanese |journal=[[Natural Language and Linguistic Theory]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |year=2004 |pages=453–480 |doi=10.1023/B:NALA.0000027669.59667.c5|s2cid=170936045 }}</ref> for example ''yom-u'' (′read′) ...→ ''o-{{circumfix|yom-i}}-ni naru'' (respectful), ''o-{{circumfix|yom-i}}-suru'' (humble). In addition, Old Japanese had a prohibitive construction ''na-{{circumfix|...}}-so<sub>2</sub>(ne)'' (where the bracketed ''ne'' is optional), which at least [[Bjarke Frellesvig|one linguist]] ([[:ja:ビャーケ・フレレスビッグ|ja]]) considers to be a circumfixal word form; an example using the Old Japanese verb ′write′ (''kak-u'') would be ''na-{{circumfix|kak-i<sub>1</sub>}}-so<sub>2</sub>(ne)''. The form without the bracketed ''ne'' survived marginally into Early Middle Japanese, but has no equivalent in any modern Japanese dialect or any other Japonic language. Instead, all modern Japonic languages and dialects express the prohibitive with a ''suffixal'' particle ''na'' (which is probably related to the prefixal part of the Old Japanese construction) attached to a non-past form of the verb; e.g., Tōkyō Japanese ''{{overline|ka}}ku-na'', [[Kansai dialect#Kyoto|Kyōto Japanese]] ''ka{{overline|ku}}-na'', [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima Japanese]] ''kaʔ-{{overline|na}}'' or ''kan-{{overline|na}}'', [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] ''kaku-na'', Yamatohama [[Amami_Ōshima_language|Amami]] ''kʰakʰu-na'', Nakijin [[Kunigami language|Kunigami]] ''hḁkˀu:-{{overline|na}}'', Shuri [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]] ''{{overline|kaku-na}}'', Irabu [[Miyakoan language|Miyakoan]] ''kafï-na'', Hateruma [[Yaeyama language|Yaeyaman]] ''hḁku-na'', and [[Yonaguni language|Yonaguni]] ''kʰagu-n-na'' (all ′don't write!′). In addition to the circumfixal forms, Old Japanese also had a suffixal form similar to the modern forms (e.g., ''kak-u-na''), as well as a ''prefixal'' form ''na-kak-i<sub>1</sub>'', which is also not reflected in any modern Japonic variety.
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