Editing Circumnavigation (section)

==History==
The first circumnavigation was that of the ship [[Victoria (ship)|''Victoria'']] between 1519 and 1522, now known as the [[Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation|Magellan–Elcano expedition]]. It was a [[Kingdom of Castile|Castilian]] ([[Spanish Empire|Spanish]]) voyage of discovery. The voyage started in [[Seville]], crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and{{mdash}}after several stops{{mdash}}rounded [[Cape Horn|the southern tip of South America]], where the expedition named the [[Strait of Magellan]]. It then continued across the Pacific, discovering a number of islands on its way (including [[Guam]]), before arriving in the [[Philippines]]. The voyage was initially led by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Ferdinand Magellan]] but he was killed on [[Mactan]] in the Philippines in 1521. The remaining sailors decided to circumnavigate the world instead of making the return voyage{{mdash}}no [[Transpacific crossing|passage east across the Pacific]] would be successful [[Andrés de Urdaneta|for four decades]]{{mdash}}and continued the voyage across the Indian Ocean, round [[Cape of Good Hope|the southern cape of Africa]], north along Africa's Atlantic coasts, and back to Spain in 1522. Of the 270 crew members who set out from Seville, only 18 were still with the expedition at the end including its surviving captain, the Spaniard [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]].<ref>{{cite book| title=The Seafarers – The Explorers| first= Richard |last=Humble| publisher= Time-Life Books| location= Alexandria, Virginia| year=1978}}</ref> 

The next to circumnavigate the globe were the survivors of the Castilian/Spanish expedition of [[Garcia Jofre de Loaisa|García Jofre de Loaísa]] between 1525 and 1536. None of the seven original ships of the [[Loaísa expedition]] nor its first four leaders{{mdash}}Loaísa, [[Juan Sebastián Elcano|Elcano]], [[Alonso de Salazar|Salazar]], and [[Martín Íñiguez de Carquizano|Íñiguez]]{{mdash}}survived to complete the voyage. The last of the original ships, the {{lang|es|Santa María de la Victoria}}, was sunk in 1526 in the [[Portuguese East Indies|East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]) by the Portuguese. Unable to press forward or retreat, [[Hernando de la Torre]] erected a fort on [[Tidore Island|Tidore]], received reinforcements under [[Alvaro de Saavedra]] that were similarly defeated, and finally surrendered to the Portuguese. In this way, a handful of survivors became the second group of circumnavigators when they were transported under guard to [[Lisbon]] in 1536. A third group came from the 117 survivors of the similarly failed [[Villalobos Expedition]] in the next decade; similarly ruined and starved, they were imprisoned by the Portuguese and transported back to Lisbon in 1546.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}

In 1577, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] sent [[Francis Drake]] to [[Francis Drake's Circumnavigation|start an expedition]] against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas. Drake set out from Plymouth, England in November 1577, aboard ''[[Golden Hind|Pelican]]'', which he renamed ''Golden Hind'' mid-voyage. In September 1578, the ship passed south of Tierra del Fuego, the southern tip of South America, through the area now known as the [[Drake Passage]].<ref name=Wagner>Wagner, Henry R., ''Sir Francis Drake's Voyage Around the World: Its Aims and Achievements'', Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006, {{ISBN|1-4286-2255-1}}</ref><ref name=Mateo>{{cite book |last=Martinic |first=Mateo |author-link=Mateo Martinic |date=1977 |title=Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes |language=es |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-10441.html |location=Santiago |publisher=Andrés Bello |pages=67–68 }}</ref> In June 1579, Drake landed somewhere north of Spain's northernmost claim in [[Alta California]], presumably [[Drakes Bay]]. Drake completed the second complete circumnavigation of the world in a single vessel on September 1580, becoming the first commander to survive the entire circumnavigation.

[[Thomas Cavendish]] completed [[Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation|his circumnavigation]] between 1586 and 1588 in record time{{mdash}}in two years and 49 days, nine months faster than Drake. It was also the first deliberately planned voyage of the globe.<ref name=TTH>{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Grun|title=The Timetables of History|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-74919-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun}}</ref>

[[Jeanne Baret]] is recognized as the first woman to have completed a voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, which she did via [[maritime transport]]. A key part of her journey was as a member of [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]]'s expedition on the ships ''[[French frigate La Boudeuse (1766)|La Boudeuse]]'' and ''[[French fluyt Étoile (1767)|Étoile]]'' in 1766–1769.

Captain [[James Cook]] became the first navigator to record three circumnavigations through the Pacific aboard the ''Endeavour'' from 1769 to 1779. He was among the first to complete west–east circumnavigation in high latitudes.

For the wealthy, long voyages around the world, such as was done by [[Ulysses S. Grant]], became possible in the 19th century, and the two World Wars moved vast numbers of troops around the planet. The rise of commercial aviation in the late 20th century made circumnavigation even quicker and safer.<ref name="nzh"/>