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Cittern
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=== 16th to 18th centuries === {{multiple image |direction = horizontal |align = right |total_width = 350 |header = |image1 = Stringed_instruments_-_Musical_Instrument_Museum,_Brussels_-_IMG_3919.JPG |image2 = Sister_(Deutsche_Guitarre)_by_Johann_Wilhelm_Bindernagel,_Gotha_(1800),_Inv.-Nr.621,_MfM.Uni-Leipzig.jpg |footer = From left to right, '''1''': Stringed instruments in [[Musical Instrument Museum, Brussels]], including two citterns by Gérard Joseph Deleplanque; '''2''': The Sister (Deutsche Guitarre) by Johann Wilhelm Bindernagel. }} From the 16th until the 18th century the cittern was a common English [[barber|barber shop]] instrument, kept in waiting areas for customers to entertain themselves and others with, and popular [[sheet music]] for the instrument was published to that end.<ref name="oxford-companion"/> The top of the pegbox was often decorated with a small carved head, perhaps not always of great artistic merit; in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Love's Labour's Lost]]'', the term "cittern-head" is used as an insult:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shakespeare|first1=William|title=Love's Labours Lost|url=http://shakespeare.mit.edu/lll/full.html|access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dilworth|first1=John|title=How well did Shakespeare know the violin?|url=http://www.thestrad.com/cpt-latests/how-well-did-shakespeare-know-the-violin/|access-date=22 January 2015|orig-year=2009|date=21 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122121603/http://www.thestrad.com/cpt-latests/how-well-did-shakespeare-know-the-violin/|archive-date=22 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> :: HOLOFERNES: What is this? :: BOYET: A cittern-head. :: DUMAIN: The head of a bodkin. :: BIRON: A Death's face in a ring. Just as the [[lute]] was enlarged and bass-extended to become the [[theorbo]] and [[chitarrone]] for [[Figured bass|continuo]] work, so the cittern was developed into the [[ceterone]], with its extended neck and unstopped bass strings, though this was a much less common instrument. Gérard Joseph Deleplanque (1723-1784) was a luthier from [[Lille]] who made a [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/504251 wide variety of instruments], including citterns. The instrument maker Johann Wilhelm Bindernagel (around 1770-1845), who worked in [[Gotha]], made a [http://www.studia-instrumentorum.de/MUSEUM/zist_sister.htm mixed guitar-cittern] under the name "Sister" or "German Guitar", which was equipped with seven gut strings. The leading 18th-century Swedish songwriter [[Carl Michael Bellman]] played mostly on the cittern, and is shown with the instrument (now in the National Museum, Stockholm) in a 1779 portrait by [[Per Krafft the elder]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/5776/4/Poulopoulos%202011.pdf | title=The Guittar in the British Isles, 1750-1810 (PhD Thesis) | publisher=University of Edinburgh | author=Poulopoulos, Panagiotis | year=2011 | pages=199}}</ref>
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