Editing Cluj-Napoca (section)

===Cluj===
[[File:Tiperit en Klus.JPG|thumb|Romanian inscription of a religious book: "Printed in Klus in the year of our Lord 1703" (translated).]]

The first written mention of the city's current name – as a Royal Borough – was in 1213 under the [[Medieval Latin]] name ''Castrum Clus''.<ref name="Clujeanet-2">{{Cite web |title=O istorie inedită a Clujului – Cetatea coloniștilor sași |url=http://clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie/03-colonistii_sasi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130171551/http://clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie/03-colonistii_sasi.htm |archive-date=30 January 2008 |access-date=2008-03-16 |publisher=ClujNet.com |language=ro}}</ref> Despite the fact that ''Clus'' as a county name was recorded in the 1173 document ''Thomas comes Clusiensis'',<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.32 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)</ref> it is believed that the county's designation derives from the name of the ''[[castrum]]'', which might have existed prior to its first mention in 1213, and not vice versa.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> With respect to the name of this camp, there are several hypotheses about its origin. It may represent a derivation from the [[Latin]] term ''clausa&nbsp;–&nbsp;clusa'', meaning "closed place", "strait", "ravine".<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> Similar meanings are attributed to the [[Slavic languages|Slavic term]] ''kluč'', meaning "a [[Spring (hydrology)|key]]"<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> and the German ''Klause&nbsp;–&nbsp;Kluse'' (meaning "mountain pass" or "[[weir]]").<ref name="Gaal-2000">{{Cite web |last=Gaal |first=György |date=19 July 2000 |title=Kolozsvári kronológia – Kolozsvár kétezer esztendeje dátumokban |url=http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2000/0sep-19.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207090923/http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2000/0sep-19.htm |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Szabadság |language=hu}}</ref> The Latin and Slavic names have been attributed to the valley that narrows or closes between hills just to the west of [[Mănăștur|Cluj-Mănăștur]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> An alternative proposal relates the name of the city to its first magistrate, ''Miklus''&nbsp;–&nbsp;''Miklós'' / ''Kolos''.<ref name="Gaal-2000"/>

The [[Hungarian language|Hungarian form]] ''Kolozsvár'', first recorded in 1246 as ''Kulusuar'', underwent various [[phonetic change]]s over the years (''uar'' / ''vár'' means "castle" in Hungarian); the variant ''Koloswar'' first appears in a document from 1332.<ref name="Asztalos-2003">{{Cite web |last=Asztalos |first=Lajos |date=4 August 2003 |title=Kolozsvár neve |url=http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2003/08/3aug-04.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207090427/http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2003/08/3aug-04.htm |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Szabadság |language=hu}}</ref> Its [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxon]] name ''Clusenburg''/''Clusenbvrg'' appeared in 1348, but from 1408 the form ''Clausenburg'' was used.<ref name="Asztalos-2003"/> The [[Romanian language|Romanian name]] of the city used to be spelled alternately as ''Cluj'' or ''Cluș'',<ref name="Szabó-2007">{{Cite web |last=Szabó |first=Attila m. |title=Dicționar de localități din Transilvania |url=http://dictionar.referinte.transindex.ro/index.php3?action=betu&betu=k&kezd=60&co=nemet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822094410/http://dictionar.referinte.transindex.ro/index.php3?action=betu&betu=k&kezd=60&co=nemet |archive-date=22 August 2010 |access-date=2008-03-15 |language=ro}}</ref> the latter being the case in [[Mihai Eminescu]]'s ''Poesis''.

Other historical names for the city, all related to or derived from "Cluj" in different languages, include [[Latin language|Latin]] ''Claudiopolis'', [[Italian language|Italian]] ''Clausemburgo'',<ref>''Le Vie d'Italia'', vol. 46/1940, issues 7-12, p. 1172</ref> [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''Kaloşvar''<ref>Gönül Pultar, ''Kimlikler lütfen: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde kültürel kimlik arayışı ve temsili'', p. 62. Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık, 2009, {{ISBN|978-994-434478-4}}</ref> and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] קלויזנבורג ''Kloyznburg'' or קלאזין ''Klazin''.<ref name="Szabó-2007"/>