Editing Cochise (section)

===Battle of Apache Pass===
At Apache Pass in 1862, Cochise and Mangas Coloradas, with around 500 fighters, held their ground against a New Mexico-bound force of California volunteers under General [[James Henry Carleton]] until [[Gun carriage|carriage]]-mounted [[howitzer]] artillery fire was brought to bear on their positions in the rocks above.<ref name="Tucker2013"/>

According to scout [[John C. Cremony]] and historian Dan L. Thrapp, the howitzer fire sent the Apaches into an immediate retreat. The [[Battle of Apache Pass]] was one of the rare pitched battles the Apaches fought against the Army. Normally, the Apaches' tactics involved [[guerrilla]]-style warfare. Capt. Thomas Roberts was persuaded by this conflict that it would be best to find a route around Apache Pass, which he did. Gen. Carleton continued unhindered to New Mexico and subsequently took over as commander of the territory.<ref name="Tucker2013">{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|title=American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection &#91;6 volumes&#93;: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dvYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|date=September 30, 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-682-4|page=64}}</ref>

In January 1863, Gen. [[Joseph R. West]], under orders from Gen. Carleton, captured Mangas Coloradas by luring him into a conference under a flag of truce. During what was to be a peaceful [[parley]] session, the Americans took Mangas Coloradas prisoner and later murdered him.<ref name="roberts" />{{rp|41–42}} This fanned the flames of enmity between the encroaching Americans and the Apache. Cochise believed that the Americans had violated the rules of war by capturing and killing Mangas Coloradas during a parley session. Cochise and the Apache continued their raids against U.S. and Mexican settlements and military positions throughout the 1860s.