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=== Punic Wars === The [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] general [[Hannibal|Hannibal Barca]] reportedly used coded references for his agents and informants in Rome and among allied territories.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 21, chapter 30 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0144:book=21:chapter=30 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Some sources suggest that key figures in his intelligence operations were identified using nicknames instead of real names to avoid detection by Roman counterintelligence.<ref name=":1" />
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