Editing Code talker (section)

==={{anchor|Basque code talkers (disputed)}}Basque===
In November 1952, ''[[Euzko Deya]]'' magazine<ref name="Euzko deya">''En Euzkera se dio la orden del desembarco de Guadalcanal'', [[Ramón de Arrieta]], ''Euzko Deya. La Voz de los Vascos en México'' 149 (November 1952), p. 22, México D.F.</ref> reported that sometime in May 1942, upon meeting a large number of US Marines of [[Basques|Basque]] ancestry in a San Francisco camp, Captain [[Frank D. Carranza]] had thought of using the [[Basque language]] for codes.<ref name="El País">{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/pais/vasco/Egon/arretaz/egunari/elpepuesppvs/20040801elpvas_12/Tes |title=Egon arretaz egunari |last=Argüello |first=Xabier G. |work=[[El País]] |date=August 1, 2004 |trans-title=Stay tuned for the day |language=Basque |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011101555/http://elpais.com/diario/2004/08/01/paisvasco/1091389210_850215.html |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Diario Vasco">''La orden de desembarco en Guadalcanal se dió en vascuence para que no lo descubrieran los nipones'', Juan Hernani, ''[[El Diario Vasco]]'', December 26, 1952, it quotes ''Revista general de marina''.  Bibliographic reference in [http://www.euskomedia.org/cultura/20369 Euskomedia.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505162232/http://www.euskomedia.org/cultura/20369 |date=May 5, 2008}}.
Based on ''Criptografía'', ''Revista General de Marina'', 143 (November 1952), pp. 551–552. [[Ministry of the Navy (Spain)|Ministerio de Marina]], Madrid</ref><ref name="Euskonews">{{cite web|url=https://www.euskonews.eus/0301zbk/gaia30104es.html |title=Los vascos y la II Guerra Mundial – La guerra aérea de los Aldecoa |trans-title=The Basques and World War II – The Aldecoa air war |last=Rodríguez |first=Mikel |date=May 2005 |language=Basque |website=euskonews.eus|access-date=December 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207163030/http://www.euskonews.com/0301zbk/gaia30104es.html |archive-date=February 7, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> His superiors were concerned about risk, as there were known settlements of Basque people in the Pacific region, including 35 Basque [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] in [[Hiroshima]], led by [[Pedro Arrupe]]; a colony of Basque [[jai alai]] players in China and the Philippines; and Basque supporters of [[FET y de las JONS|Falange]] in Asia. Consequently, the US Basque code talkers were not deployed in these theaters; instead, they were used initially in tests and in transmitting logistics information for Hawaii and Australia.

According to ''Euzko Deya'', on August 1, 1942, Lieutenants Nemesio Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa, and Juanana received a Basque-coded message from San Diego for Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz|Chester Nimitz]]. The message warned Nimitz of [[Operation Apple]] to remove the Japanese from the [[Solomon Islands]]. They also translated the start date, August 7, for [[Guadalcanal Campaign|the attack on Guadalcanal]]. As the war extended over the Pacific, there was a shortage of Basque speakers, and the US military came to prefer the parallel program based on the use of Navajo speakers.

In 2017, Pedro Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla published a paper refuting ''Euzko Deya''{{'}}s article.<ref name="El Correo">{{cite web|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/sociedad/201706/25/estudio-desmiente-euskera-usara-20170625111022.html |title=Un estudio desmiente que el euskera se usara en código en la Segunda Guerra Mundial |trans-title=A study denies that Basque was used in code in the Second World War |language=Basque |date=June 25, 2017 |last=Hernández |first=Jesús J. |work=[[El Correo]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829182233/http://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/sociedad/201706/25/estudio-desmiente-euskera-usara-20170625111022.html |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Oiarzabal and Tabernilla, they could not find Carranza, Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa, or Juanana in the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] or US Army archives. They did find a small number of US Marines with [[Basque surname]]s, but none of them worked in transmissions. They suggest that Carranza's story was an [[Office of Strategic Services]] operation to raise sympathy for US intelligence among Basque nationalists.