Editing Cola (section)

==Health effects==
{{Further|Criticism of Coca-Cola#Health effects}}
A 2007 study claimed that consumption of colas, both those with natural sweetening and those with artificial sweetening, was associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. The [[phosphoric acid]] used in colas was thought to be a possible cause.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tina M. Saldana |author2=Olga Basso |author3=Rebecca Darden |author4=Dale P. Sandler |title=Carbonated beverages and chronic kidney disease |year=2007 |journal=[[Epidemiology (journal)|Epidemiology]] |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=501–6 |doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e3180646338 |pmid=17525693 |pmc=3433753}}</ref> A link has been shown between long-term regular cola intake and [[osteoporosis]] in older women (but not men). This was thought to be due to the presence of phosphoric acid, though the risk for women was found to be greater for sugared and caffeinated colas than diet and decaffeinated variants, with a higher intake of cola correlating with lower bone density.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP | title=Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study| journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition| volume=84| pages=936–942| issue = 4| date = October 1, 2006| pmid = 17023723 | doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.4.936| doi-access=free}}</ref> Substituting soft drinks for milk may impact adolescent bone development, increasing the risk of fracture.

One 2005 study indicated that soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in the American diet and that of those who drink more sweetened drinks, obesity rates were higher.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/05/050527111920.htm |title=Preliminary Data Suggest That Soda And Sweet Drinks Are The Main Source Of Calories In American Diet |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=May 27, 2005 |access-date=July 2, 2011 |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309054959/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/05/050527111920.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Most{{how|date=March 2024}} nutritionists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]], [[vitamin C]], [[riboflavin]], and [[vitamin A]].<ref>Jacobson, Michael F. (2005). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20050718093423/http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/liquid_candy_final_w_new_supplement.pdf Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health]", pp. 5–6. [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]]. Retrieved October 13, 2010.</ref>

The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of [[caffeine]], which can cause [[physical dependence]] ([[caffeine dependence]]),<ref>Center for Science in the Public Interest (1997). "[http://www.cspinet.org/new/caffeine.htm Label Caffeine Content of Foods, Scientists Tell FDA]." Retrieved June 10, 2005. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724114650/http://www.cspinet.org/new/caffeine.htm |date=July 24, 2014 }}</ref> and can reduce sleep quality.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O’Callaghan|first1=Frances|last2=Muurlink|first2=Olav|last3=Reid|first3=Natasha|date=2018-12-07|title=Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning|journal=Risk Management and Healthcare Policy|volume=11|pages=263–271|doi=10.2147/RMHP.S156404|issn=1179-1594|pmc=6292246|pmid=30573997 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Many soft drinks in North America are sweetened mostly or entirely with [[high-fructose corn syrup]] (HFCS), rather than [[white sugar]]. Some nutritionists caution against the consumption of [[corn syrup]] because it may aggravate [[obesity]] and [[type-2 diabetes]] more than cane sugar.<ref>[http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/news/ng.asp?id=51623-single-food-ingredient "Single food ingredient the cause of obesity ? New study has industry up in arms"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508014443/http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/news/ng.asp?id=51623-single-food-ingredient |date=2008-05-08 }}. (April 26, 2004). ''FoodNavigator.com''. Retrieved February 27, 2007.</ref> {{As of|2022}}, there is no high-quality evidence that replacing cane sugar (sucrose) with HFCS causes any difference in health effects.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fattore E, Botta F, Bosetti C |title=Effect of fructose instead of glucose or sucrose on cardiometabolic markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of isoenergetic intervention trials |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=209–226 |date=January 2022 |pmid=33029629 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuaa077|url=https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/79/2/209/5919255|type=Systematic review|url-access=subscription }}</ref>