Editing Colonialism (section)

== Types of colonialism ==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Rijsttafel TMnr 60053682.jpg|thumb|right|Dutch family in [[Java]], 1927]]

''The Times'' once quipped that there were three types of colonial empire: "The English, which consists in making colonies with colonists; the German, which collects colonists without colonies; the French, which sets up colonies without colonists."<ref>{{cite book |last=Olusoga |first=David |title=The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism |publisher=Faber & Faber |date=2010}}</ref> Modern studies of colonialism have often distinguished between various overlapping categories of colonialism, broadly classified into four types: [[settler colonialism]], [[exploitation colonialism]], [[Surrogate Colonialism|surrogate colonialism]], and [[internal colonialism]]. Some historians have identified other forms of colonialism, including national and trade forms.<ref name="Healy-2014">{{Cite book |title= The Shadow of Colonialism on Europe's Modern Past |last1=Healy |first1=Roisin |last2=Dal Lago |first2=Enrico |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-137-45075-3 |location=New York |page=126}}</ref>
* [[Settler colonialism]] involves large-scale [[immigration]] by [[settler]]s to colonies, often motivated by religious, political, or economic reasons. This form of colonialism aims largely to supplant prior existing populations with a settler one, and involves large number of settlers emigrating to colonies for the purpose of establishing settlements.<ref name="Healy-2014" /> [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Israel]], [[Kashmir conflict|Indian-controlled Kashmir]], [[New Zealand]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Russia]], [[South Africa]], the [[United States]], and [[Uruguay]], are examples of nations created or expanded in their contemporary form by settler colonialism.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 40388468|last1 = Barker|first1 = Adam J.|title = The Contemporary Reality of Canadian Imperialism: Settler Colonialism and the Hybrid Colonial State|journal = American Indian Quarterly|volume = 33|issue = 3|pages = 325–351|year = 2009|doi = 10.1353/aiq.0.0054|s2cid = 162692337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=Evelyn Nakano |date=2015 |title=Settler Colonialism as Structure: A Framework for Comparative Studies of U.S. Race and Gender Formation |url=http://ieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_9708.pdf |journal=Sociology of Race and Ethnicity |volume=1 |pages=52–72 |doi=10.1177/2332649214560440 |number=1 |s2cid=147875813 |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223191440/http://ieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_9708.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Veracini |first= Lorenzo |date=2007 |title=Historylessness: Australia as a settler colonial collective |journal=Postcolonial Studies |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=271–285 |doi=10.1080/13688790701488155|s2cid= 144872634 |hdl=1885/27945 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 41575861|last1 = Gold|first1 = Dore.|title = The Myth of Israel as a Colonialist Entity: An Instrument of Political Warfare to Delegitimize the Jewish State|journal = Jewish Political Studies Review|volume = 23|issue = 3/4|pages = 84–90|year = 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabbagh-Khoury |first=Areej |date=15 March 2022 |title=Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0032329221999906 |journal=Politics & Society |volume=50 |issue=1|pages=44–83 |doi=10.1177/0032329221999906 |s2cid=233635930 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=83-84}} [[French Algeria|French-controlled Algeria]], [[Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]), [[Italian Libya|Italian-controlled Libya]], the [[Kenya Colony]], [[Japanese colonial empire|Japanese-controlled]] [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]] and [[Manchukuo|Manchuria]], and most infamously [[Generalplan Ost|Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe]]<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|pages=462-463}} are examples of past or failed attempts to establish settler colonies.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=83-84}}
* [[Exploitation colonialism]] involves fewer colonists and focuses on the exploitation of natural resources or labour to the benefit of the [[metropole]]. This form consists of [[trading post]]s as well as larger colonies where colonists would constitute much of the political and economic administration. The European [[Colonisation of Africa|colonization of Africa]] and [[Western imperialism in Asia|Asia]] was largely conducted under the auspices of exploitation colonialism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Martin J. |title=The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina (1870–1940) |year=1980 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-04000-7 }}</ref>
* Surrogate colonialism involves a settlement project supported by a colonial power, in which most of the settlers do not come from the same ethnic group as the ruling power, as it has been (controversially) argued was the case of [[Mandatory Palestine]] and the [[Colony of Liberia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Atran|first=Scott|title=The Surrogate Colonization of Palestine 1917–1939|journal=American Ethnologist|date=November 1989|volume=16|issue=4|pages=719–744|doi=10.1525/ae.1989.16.4.02a00070|s2cid=130148053 |url=https://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/ijn_00000568/file/ijn_00000568_00.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518081307/https://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/ijn_00000568/file/ijn_00000568_00.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://cers.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/97/2016/04/On-Racialized-Citizenship-The-History-of-Black-colonialism-in-Liberia-Naomi-Whittaker.pdf On Racialized Citizenship: The History of Black colonialism in Liberia by Naomi Anderson Whittaker]</ref>
* [[Internal colonialism]] is a notion of uneven structural power between areas of a [[State (polity)|state]]. The source of exploitation comes from within the state. This is demonstrated in the way control and exploitation may pass from people from the colonizing country to an immigrant population within a newly independent country.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice: An International Dilemma|last=Gabbidon |first=Shaun |publisher=SAGE |year=2010|isbn=978-1-4129-4988-0 |location=Los Angeles, CA |pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casanova |first=Pablo Gonzalez |date=1 April 1965 |title=Internal colonialism and national development |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02800542 |journal=Studies in Comparative International Development |language=en |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1007/BF02800542 |s2cid=153821137 |issn=1936-6167|url-access=subscription }}</ref>[[File:Hakewill, A Picturesque Tour of the Island of Jamaica, Plate 04.jpg|thumb|Harbour Street, [[Kingston, Jamaica]], {{c.|1820}}]]
* National colonialism is a process involving elements of both settler and internal colonialism, in which nation-building and colonization are symbiotically connected, with the colonial regime seeking to remake the colonized peoples into their own cultural and political image. The goal is to integrate them into the state, but only as reflections of the state's preferred culture. The [[Taiwan]] under the KMT's military dictatorship is the archetypal example of a national-colonialist society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Ting-Hong |title=Education and National Colonialism in Postwar Taiwan: The Paradoxical Use of Private Schools to Extend State Power, 1944–1966 |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=May 2020 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=156–184 |doi=10.1017/heq.2020.25|s2cid=225917190 }}</ref>
* Trade colonialism involves the undertaking of colonialist ventures in support of trade opportunities for merchants. This form of colonialism was most prominent in 19th-century Asia, where previously [[Isolationism|isolationist]] states were forced to open their ports to Western powers. Examples of this include the [[Opium Wars]] and the [[Bakumatsu|opening of Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Typology of Colonialism {{!}} Perspectives on History {{!}} AHA|url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism|access-date=11 May 2021|website=www.historians.org}}</ref><ref>[[Michael Auslin|Auslin, Michael R.]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=bS3w6tGiraEC ''Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01521-0}}; {{OCLC|56493769}}</ref>