Editing Common chiffchaff (section)

===Former subspecies===
* ''P. ibericus'', the '''[[Iberian chiffchaff]]''' is brighter, greener on the rump, and yellower below than ''P. collybita'',<ref name= Baker/> and has a ''{{not a typo|tit-tit-tit-tswee-tswee}}'' song. It was initially named ''P. brehmii'', but the [[type (biology)|type specimen]] of that [[taxon]] is not an Iberian chiffchaff.<ref name= Iberian>{{cite journal|last= Svensson |first= Lars|year=2001 |title= The correct name of the Iberian Chiffchaff ''Phylloscopus ibericus'' Ticehurst 1937, its identification and new evidence of its winter grounds |journal= Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume= 121|pages= 281–296 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40086550 }}</ref> This species is found in [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]], west of a line stretching roughly from the western [[Pyrenees]]<ref name =Salomon1989>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1163/156853989X00709 | last1 = Salomon | first1 = Marc | year = 1989 | title = Song as a possible reproductive isolating mechanism between two parapatric forms. The case of the chiffchaffs ''Phylloscopus c. collybita'' and ''P. c. brehmii'' in the western Pyrenees | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=6909814 | journal = Behaviour | volume = 111 | issue = 1–4| pages = 270–290 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> via the mountains of central Spain to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]; the Iberian and common chiffchaffs co-occur in a narrow band along this line.<ref name=Balmori>{{Cite journal | last1=Balmori | first1=A. | last2=Cuesta | first2=M.Á. | last3=Caballero | first3=J.M. | date=2002 | title=Distribución de los mosquiteros ibérico (''Phylloscopus brehmii'') y europeo (''Phylloscopus collybita'') en los bosques de ribera de Castilla y León (España) | language=es | journal=Ardeola | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=19–27 | url=https://www.ardeola.org/uploads/articles/docs/482.pdf }}</ref> Apart from the northernmost section, the precise course of the contact zone is not well documented. A long-distance [[bird migration|migrant]], this species winters in western Africa. It differs from ''P. c. collybita'' in vocalisations,<ref name=Helbig1996/><ref name =Salomon1989/><ref name = SalomonHemim>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00965.x | last1 = Salomon | first1 = Marc | last2 = Hemim | first2 = Y. | year = 1992 | title = Song variation in the Chiffchaffs (''Phylloscopus collybita'') of the western Pyrenees – the contact zone between ''collybita'' and ''brehmii'' forms | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=4443546 | journal = Ethology | volume = 92 | issue = 4| pages = 265–282 | bibcode = 1992Ethol..92..265S | url-access = subscription }}</ref> external [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]],<ref name=Salomon1997>{{Cite journal | last1 = Salomon | first1 = Marc | last2 = Bried | first2 = J. | last3 = Helbig | first3 = Andreas J. | last4 = Riofrio | first4 = J. | year = 1997 | title = Morphometric differentiation between male Common Chiffchaffs, ''Phylloscopus [c.] collybita'' Vieillot, 1817, and Iberian Chiffchaffs, ''P. [c.] brehmii'' Homeyer, 1871, in a secondary contact zone (Aves: Sylviidae) | journal = Zoologischer Anzeiger | volume = 236 | pages = 25–36 }}</ref> and [[mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] [[Nucleic acid sequence|sequence]]s.<ref name=Helbig1996/><ref name = Helbig2001>{{cite journal | last1 = Helbig | first1 = Andreas J. | last2 = Salomon | first2 = Marc | last3 = Bensch | first3 = S. | last4 = Seibold | first4 = I. | year = 2001 | title = Male-biased gene flow across an avian hybrid zone: evidence from mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA | journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 2| pages = 277–287 | doi = 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00273.x | s2cid = 53468357 | url = http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/145754 }}</ref> There is  [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] in the contact zone,<ref name =Salomon1989/><ref name = SalomonHemim/><ref name= BB101/> almost always between male ''P. ibericus'' and female ''P. c. collybita'',<ref name= BB101>{{cite journal|last= Collinson |first= J. Martin |author2=Melling, Tim |date=April 2008 |title= Identification of vagrant Iberian Chiffchaffs - pointers, pitfalls and problem birds |journal=British Birds |volume= 101|issue=4 |pages= 174–188 }}</ref>  and hybrids apparently show much decreased [[fitness (biology)|fitness]];<ref name = Helbig2001/>  hybrid females appear to be [[infertility|sterile]] according to [[Haldane's Rule]].<ref name = Helbig1993>{{ cite journal | last1=Helbig | first1=Andreas J. | last2=Salomon | first2=Marc | last3=Wink | first3=Michael | last4=Bried | first4=Joël | date=1993 | title=Absence de flux genique mitochondrial entre le Pouillots "veloces" medio-européen et ibérique (Aves: ''Phylloscopus collybita, P. (c.) brehmii''); implications taxonomiques. Résultats tirés de la PCR et du séquencage d'ADN | language=fr | journal=Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences | volume=316 | series=series III | pages=205–210 | url=https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1993/3.%201993.pdf }}</ref> Regarding the latter aspect, the Iberian chiffchaff apparently is the oldest lineage of chiffchaffs and quite distinct from the common chiffchaff.<ref name=Helbig1996/>

[[File:Lz10 pano 2.jpg|thumb|right|Essentially the entire historic range of the extinct [[eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff]] (''P. canariensis exsul'') is shown in this photo.]]
*''P. canariensis'', the '''[[Canary Islands chiffchaff]]''' is a non-migratory species formerly occurring on the major Canary Islands, which is differentiated from ''P. collybita'' by morphology, vocalisations and genetic characteristics, and, of course, is not [[sympatric]] with any other chiffchaffs. The nominate western subspecies ''P. c. canariensis'' of [[El Hierro]], [[La Palma]], [[La Gomera]], [[Tenerife]], and [[Gran Canaria]] is smaller than common chiffchaff, and has shorter, rounder wings.<ref name=Helbig1996/> It is olive-brown above and has a buff breast and flanks;<ref name= Baker/> it has a rich deep ''{{not a typo|chip-cheep-cheep-chip-chip-cheep}}'' song, and a call similar to the nominate race.{{sfn|Clement|1995|pp=64–65}} The eastern ''[[eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff|P. c. exsul]]'' of [[Lanzarote]] and possibly [[Fuerteventura]] is paler above and less rufous below than its western relative,<ref name= Baker/> and had a harsher call;{{sfn|Clement|1995}} it might have been a distinct species,<ref name = Sangster2002/> but it became [[extinction|extinct]] in 1986 at latest, probably much earlier. The reasons for its extinction are unclear, but it appears always to have been scarce and localised, occurring only in the Haria Valley of Lanzarote.<ref name= Simms >{{cite book | last = Simms | first = Eric  |title = British Warblers | series=New Naturalist Series | year =  1985| location=London | publisher = Collins | pages =286, 310 | isbn =978-0-00-219810-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/britishwarblers0000simm/page/286/mode/1up | url-access=registration }}</ref>
*''P. sindianus'', the '''[[mountain chiffchaff]]''', is found in the [[Caucasus]] (''P. s. lorenzii'') and [[Himalayas]] (''P. s. sindianus''), and is an altitudinal migrant, moving to lower levels in winter. The nominate subspecies is similar to ''P. c. tristis'', but with a finer darker bill, browner upperparts and buff flanks; its song is almost identical to ''P. collybita'', but the call is a weak ''{{not a typo|psew}}''. ''P. s. lorenzii'' is warmer and darker brown than the nominate race;<ref name=Baker/> it is sympatric with common chiffchaff in a small area in the Western Caucasus, but interbreeding occurs rarely, if ever.<ref name=Martens1983/> The mountain chiffchaff differs from ''tristis'' in vocalisations,<ref name=Martens1983>{{Cite journal | last=Martens | first=Von J. | date=1983 | title=Ringförmige Arealüberschneidung und Artbildung beim Zilpzalp, ''Phylloscopus collybita'' | language=de | journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=82–100 | doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00254.x| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="MartensHänel">{{cite journal | last1 = Martens | first1 = Jochen | last2 = Hänel | first2 = Sabine | year = 1981 | title = Gesangformen und Verwandtschaft der asiatischen Zilpzalpe ''Phylloscopus collybita abietinus'' und ''Ph. c. sindianus'' | language = de | journal = Journal für Ornithologie | volume = 122 | issue = 4| pages = 403–427 | doi = 10.1007/BF01652928 | s2cid = 36030137 }}</ref> external [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]],<ref name=Cramp1992>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Cramp | editor1-first=Stanley | display-editors=etal | editor1-link=Stanley Cramp | year=1992 | chapter=''Phylloscopus sindianus'' Mountain Chiffchaff | title=Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic | volume=VI: Warblers | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | pages=605–612 [606, 611] | isbn=978-0-19-857509-2 }}</ref> and [[mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] [[Nucleic acid sequence|sequence]]s.<ref name=Helbig1996/> Its two subspecies appear to be distinct vocally,<ref name=Martens1983/> and also show some difference in mtDNA sequences;<ref name=Helbig1996/> they are maintained at subspecies rank pending further research.<ref name = Sangster2002/>