Editing Compact Disc Digital Audio (section)

=== Collaboration and standardization ===
[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|upright|Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer [[Kees Schouhamer Immink]] was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980]]
In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers [[Kees Schouhamer Immink]] and [[Toshitada Doi]], the research pushed forward [[laser]] and [[optical disc]] technology.<ref name="BBC6950933">{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6950933.stm | title = How the CD Was Developed | work = BBC News | date = 17 August 2007 | access-date = 17 August 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071222035025/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6950933.stm | archive-date = 22 December 2007 }}</ref> After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the ''Red Book'' CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the [[IEC]] as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Philips coined the term ''compact disc'' in line with another audio product, the [[Compact Cassette]],<ref name="peek">{{cite journal |first=Hans B. |last=Peek |title=The Emergence of the Compact Disc |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=January 2010 |pages=10–17 |volume=48 |number=1 |issn=0163-6804 |doi=10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 |s2cid=21402165  }}</ref> and contributed the general manufacturing [[Industrial process|process]], based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed [[eight-to-fourteen modulation]] (EFM), while Sony contributed the [[error-correction]] method, CIRC, which offers resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints.

''The Compact Disc Story'',<ref name="Immink" /> told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around 6 persons,<ref name="Immink2" /><ref name="Knopper">{{cite book | title = Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry in the Digital Age | author = Knopper, Steve | publisher = Free Press | date = 7 January 2009 | access-date = <!-- 2009-038-17 --> }}</ref> though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team".<ref name="PhilDoss">{{cite web | url = https://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/dossier/optrec/beethoven.html | title = The Inventor of the CD | work = Philips Research | access-date = 16 January 2009 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20080129201342/https://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/dossier/optrec/beethoven.html | archive-date = 29 January 2008 }}</ref>