Editing Compass rose (section)

=== Sidereal ===

The sidereal compass rose demarcates the compass points by the position of [[star]]s ("steering stars"; not to be confused with [[zenith star]]s)<ref name="Lewis 1972"/> in the night sky, rather than winds. [[Arab]] navigators in the [[Red Sea]] and the [[Indian Ocean]], who depended on [[celestial navigation]], were using a 32-point sidereal compass rose before the end of the 10th century.<ref>Saussure, L. de (1923) "L'origine de la rose des vents et l'invention de la boussole", ''Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles'', vol. 5, no.2 & 3, pp. 149–81 and 259–91.</ref><ref>Taylor, E.G.R. (1956) ''The Haven-Finding Art: A history of navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook'', 1971 ed., London: Hollis and Carter., pp. 128–31.</ref><ref>Tolmacheva, M. (1980) "On the Arab System of Nautical Orientation", ''Arabica'', vol. 27 (2), pp. 180–92.</ref> In the northern hemisphere, the steady Pole Star ([[Polaris]]) was used for the N–S axis; the less-steady [[Southern Cross]] had to do for the southern hemisphere, as the southern pole star, [[Sigma Octantis]], is too dim to be easily seen from Earth with the naked eye. The other thirty points on the sidereal rose were determined by the rising and setting positions of fifteen bright stars. Reading from North to South, in their rising and setting positions, these are:<ref>List comes from Tolmacheva (1980:p. 183), based "with some reservations" on Tibbets (1971: p. 296, n. 133). The sidereal rose given in Lagan (2005: [https://archive.org/details/barefootnavigato0000laga/page/66 p. 66]) has some differences, e.g. placing Orion's belt in East and Altair in EbN.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! Point 
! Star
|- valign="top"
| '''N''' || [[Polaris]] 
|- valign="top"
| NbE || "the Guards" ([[Ursa Minor]])
|- valign="top"
| NNE || Alpha [[Ursa Major]]
|- valign="top"
| NEbN ||[[Alpha Cassiopeiae]]
|- valign="top"
| '''NE''' || [[Capella (star)|Capella]]
|- valign="top"
| NEbE || [[Vega]]
|- valign="top"
| ENE || [[Arcturus]] 
|- valign="top"
| EbN || the [[Pleiades]] 
|- valign="top"
| '''E''' || [[Altair]] 
|- valign="top"
| EbS || [[Orion's Belt|Orion's belt]] 
|- valign="top"
| ESE || [[Sirius]] 
|- valign="top"
| SEbE || [[Beta Scorpii|Beta Scorpionis]] 
|- valign="top"
| '''SE''' || [[Antares]]
|- valign="top"
| SEbS || [[Alpha Centauri]]
|- valign="top"
| SSE || [[Canopus]]
|- valign="top"
| SbE || [[Achernar]]
|- valign="top"
| '''S'''|| [[Southern Cross]]
|}

The western half of the rose would be the same stars in their setting position. The true position of these stars is only approximate to their theoretical equidistant [[Rhumbline network|rhumbs]] on the sidereal compass. Stars with the same [[declination]] formed a "linear constellation" or ''{{lang|to|kavenga}}'' to provide direction as the night progressed.<ref>M.D. Halpern (1985) [http://nautarch.tamu.edu/pdf-files/Halpern-MA1985.pdf The Origins of the Carolinian Sidereal Compass], Master's thesis, [[Texas A & M University]]</ref>

A similar sidereal compass was used by [[Polynesian navigation|Polynesian and Micronesian navigators]] in the Pacific Ocean, although different stars were used in a number of cases, clustering around the east–west axis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodenough|first=W. H.|title=Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines|year=1953|publisher=University Museum, University of Philadelphia|location=Philadelphia|page=3}}</ref><ref name="Lewis 1972">{{cite web | last=Lewis | first=David | title=We, the navigators : the ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific | publisher=Australian National University Press | date=1972 | url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/114874 | access-date=2023-06-01}}</ref>