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Compression ratio
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===Diesel engines=== [[Diesel engine]]s use higher compression ratios than petrol engines, because the lack of a spark plug means that the compression ratio must increase the temperature of the air in the cylinder sufficiently to ignite the diesel using [[compression ignition]]. Compression ratios are often between 14:1 and 23:1 for direct injection diesel engines, and between 18:1 and 23:1 for [[indirect injection]] diesel engines. At the lower end of 14:1, NOx emissions are reduced at a cost of more difficult cold-start.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pacaud |first1=P. |last2=Perrin |first2=H. |last3=Laget |first3=O. |date=2009 |title=Cold Start on Diesel Engine: Is Low Compression Ratio Compatible with Cold Start Requirements? |journal=SAE International Journal of Engines |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=831β849 |doi=10.4271/2008-01-1310 |issn=1946-3936 |jstor=26308324}}</ref> Mazda's [[Skyactiv#Skyactiv-D|Skyactiv-D]], the first such commercial engine from 2013, used adaptive fuel injectors among other techniques to ease cold start.<ref name="Difference Engine: Born again">{{cite news |title=Difference Engine: Born again |date=2013-07-08 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |url=https://www.economist.com/babbage/2013/07/08/difference-engine-born-again |access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref>
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