Editing Concrete ship (section)

=== Remaining wartime ships ===
Surviving wartime concrete ships are no longer in use as ships. Several continue in use in various forms, mostly as museums or breakwaters.

==== North America ====
The largest collection is at [[Powell River, British Columbia|Powell River]], [[British Columbia]], {{coord|49.865238| -124.555821}}, where a lumber mill uses ten floating ferrocement ships as a breakwater,<ref>[http://www.concreteships.org/ships/powellriver/ "The Powell River Floating Breakwater"]. ''Concrete Ships''</ref> known as [[The Hulks]].

The [[Kiptopeke State Park|Kiptopeke]] Breakwater in [[Chesapeake Bay]], Virginia, {{coord|37.164267|-75.991402}}, is formed by nine sunken concrete ships built in World War II.<ref>[http://www.concreteships.org/ships/kiptopeke/ "Kiptopeke Breakwater"]. ''Concrete Ships''</ref>

{{SS|San Pasqual}}, a former oil tanker, lies off the coast of [[Cayo Las Brujas]], [[Cuba]], {{coord|22.623439|-79.22327}}, where it served as a hotel, then as a base for divers. Currently, the ''San Pasqual'' is abandoned.<ref name="concrete">[http://www.concreteships.org "Concrete Ships.org: An Experiment in Ship Building"].</ref>{{nonspecific|reason=not helpful to cite the entire website|date=February 2023}}

The wreckage of {{SS|Atlantus}} (commissioned in 1919, sunk in 1926) is visible off [[Sunset Beach (New Jersey)|Sunset Beach]] near [[Cape May]], [[New Jersey]], {{coord|38.944322|-74.972083}}.<ref name="concrete"/>{{nonspecific|reason=not helpful to cite the entire website|date=February 2023}}

The tanker {{SS|Selma|1919|6}} is located northwest of the fishing pier at [[Seawolf Park]] in [[Galveston]], {{coord|29.344249|-94.786343}}. The ship was launched the same day Germany signed the [[Treaty of Versailles]], ending the war, so it never saw wartime duty and instead was used as an oil tanker in the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="SSselmaMarker" />

The {{SS|Palo Alto}}, a concrete tanker launched on May 29, 1919, was purchased and turned into an amusement pier, and is still visible at [[Seacliff State Beach]], near [[Aptos]], [[California]], {{coord|36.969704|-121.913947}}.<ref name="concrete"/> It broke up during a January 2017 storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Famed-Calif-cement-ship-flipped-broken-up-by-10875861.php |title=Famed Calif. 'cement ship' flipped, broken up by strong waves| date=23 January 2017 |work=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>

The SS ''McKittrick'', launched in 1921 in [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], later became the {{SS|Monte Carlo}}, a gaming ship off [[Coronado, California]], that ran aground on December 31, 1936. The wreck is periodically exposed by strong storm tides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/jan/31/one-gamble-that-didnt-pay-off/ |title=Tide, storms expose gaming ship|publisher=San Diego Union-Tribune|date=2010-01-31 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>

The vessel aground in the surf at Shipwreck Beach on the north shore of [[Lanai]], Hawaii is the wreck of [[YOG-42]], {{coord|20.921299|-156.910139}}, a concrete gasoline barge built for the US Navy in 1942 and placed in service in 1943. The wreck is often misidentified as a [[Liberty ship]].<ref>Roberts, Stephen S. (September 14, 2010). [http://www.shipscribe.com/usnaux/IX2/YO144.html "Class: Concrete Barges (YO-144, YOG-40)"]; Van Tilburg, Hans K. 2003. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100410185604/http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/UA_ResourcesMgt.pdf "Department of Defense Legacy Management Program. Underwater Cultural Resources Management and Protection. Project (01-121)"]. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, pp. 373–375.</ref>

The remains of the ''[[Col. J. E. Sawyer]]'' can be seen near the {{USS|Yorktown|CV-10|6}} in Charleston Harbor, {{coord|32.798761|-79.906863}}, South Carolina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sc-mountpleasant.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/5676 |title=Mount Pleasant Old Sunken Hull Historical Marker|publisher=Mount Pleasant Historical Commission |date=2012-02-13 |accessdate=2015-01-05}}</ref>

The wreckage of the {{SS|Sapona}} is visible slightly south of Bimini Island in the Bahamas, {{coord|25.65063|-79.29337}}. It is a popular snorkeling site and boating landmark in the area.
<gallery>
File:Powell River Aerial 2004.jpg|At [[Powell River, British Columbia|Powell River]]
File:Walkway at Kiptopeke State Park.jpg|At Kiptopeke
File:Atlantus.jpg|{{SS|Atlantus}}
File:S.S. Selma, Galveston, TX - DSC 0125.jpg|{{SS|Selma|1919|6}}
File:SS Palo Alto - DSC 7069cementBoat-w.JPG|{{SS|Palo Alto}}
File:SS Monte Carlo Shipwreck 2010-01-30.jpg|{{SS|Monte Carlo}}
File:Shipwreck - Shipwreck Beach.jpg|YOGN 42
</gallery>

==== Europe ====
One of the few concrete ships built for but not completed in time to be used in World War I, the SS ''Crete Boom'', lies abandoned in the [[River Moy]], {{coord|54.135515|-9.138452}} just outside the town of [[Ballina, County Mayo|Ballina]], [[County Mayo]], Ireland, and is considered of much interest to the area's many tourists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northmayo.ie/visit-the-ss-crete-boom-the-fabled-concrete-ship-in-ballina/ |title=Visit the SS Crete Boom – the fabled concrete ship in Ballina |author=m4Y0N04TH |date=17 June 2019 |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=Mayo North |publisher=Ballina Tourist Office}}</ref> 

A concrete barge, the ''Cretetree'', is beached in the harbour of the [[Scalpay, Outer Hebrides|Isle of Scalpay]] near [[Tarbert, Harris|Tarbert]], Harris, Scotland, {{coord|57.876873|-6.699965}}. It was built by [[Aberdeen Concrete Ships]], and completed in 1919.<ref name="aberdeenships">{{cite web|url=http://www.aberdeenships.com/single.asp?index=100840|title=Aberdeen Ships {{!}}&nbsp;Cretetree|publisher=aberdeenships.com|accessdate=2014-06-01}}</ref>

The [[Purton Hulks]], a collection of vessels intentionally beached at [[Purton, Berkeley|Purton]] during the first half of the twentieth century as a method to prevent coastal erosion, includes eight ferro-concrete barges. {{coord|51.737178|-2.455798}}<ref name="purton">[http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk "Friends of Purton"]</ref>{{nonspecific|reason=not helpful to cite the entire website|date=February 2023}}

A large collection of abandoned concrete barges are seen at River Thames in [[Rainham, London]].<ref name=Rainham/> {{coord|51.498608|0.18202}}

The wreckage of the {{lang|de|italic=yes|Ulrich Finsterwalder}}, a small [[Nazi Germany|Nazi-era German]] tanker, is visible in [[Dąbie Lake]], near [[Szczecin]], Poland. It was sunk during a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] air raid on 20 March 1945. In the late 1950s Polish authorities decided to lift it and tow it to another location to be converted into swimming pools, but during that operation it began sinking again, so it was abandoned in shallow water, where it has remained since.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historia betonowych wraków na jeziorze Dąbie i Bałtyku |publisher=Nortus & Potworna spółka |url=http://nortus.pinger.pl/m/1464330|access-date=2020-07-12}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:The_ss_creteboom_side_view.jpg|SS ''Creteboom''
File:Boat_graveyard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_103070.jpg|At [[Purton, Berkeley|Purton]]
File:Ferro-concrete_barges,_Rainham_waterfront_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1022440.jpg|At [[Rainham, London|Rainham]]
File:1109 Urlich Finsterwalde Wreck.jpg|''Ulrich Finsterwalder''
</gallery> 

During the [[Axis occupation of Greece|German occupation of Greece]] (1942–1944) during World War II, the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] built 24 concrete cargo vessels for transporting goods to various [[Greek islands]], including [[Crete]]. These were constructed in the [[Perama]] shipbuilding area of [[Piraeus]]. After the war, many of the vessels were used as piers (e.g., in [[Rafina]], {{coord|38.022056|24.010368}}) and [[breakwater (structure)|breakwater]]s (e.g., in Agios Georgios, [[Methana]], {{coord|37.638340|23.394544}}).

Due to the need to deliver necessary raw materials (such as oil, weapons, ammunition, food and drugs) through mined river currents, [[Adolf Hitler]] ordered the production of 50 concrete ships for different purposes. Most were concrete barges made for oil transportation from Romania, and needed raw materials that were driven to the Baltic front. A smaller number of ships was intended for transporting food (specializing in cold storages). The most valuable ships were the specialized ship-hospitals, which evacuated seriously wounded and "important" soldiers to German hospitals along rivers.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

==== Japan ====
Several concrete ships were aground on the west beach of [[Iwo To]] (Iwo Jima) in Japan, {{coord|24.78238|141.293095}}, to make a breakwater by the US forces in 1945.<ref>[http://www.justinmuseum.com/jkjustin2/gibson4.html Beachead Cargo, Iwo Jima, Arvin S. Gibson, Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Transportation Corps, Hq. and Hq. Co., AGF, APO 86]</ref> Most of them were broken by typhoons but one was used as a pier.<ref>[http://hotair.com/archives/2006/08/23/photos-from-iwo-jima/ "Photos from Iwo Jima"]. ''Hot Air''</ref>

Japan built four concrete ships named [[Takechi Maru class|''Takechi Maru'' No. 1 to 4]] ({{lang|ja|武智丸}}) during World War II. After the war, two of them turned into a breakwater in [[Kure, Hiroshima]], {{coord|34.280089|132.756295}}.
<gallery>
File:US Navy 070314-N-4124C-162 Dock landing ship USS Harpers Ferry (LSD 49) steams close to shore of Iwo Jima while on station to support the 62nd Commemoration of the Battle of Iwo Jima.jpg|At Iwo To
File:Concrete ship.jpg|''Takechi Maru'' No.2
</gallery>