Editing Consonant cluster (section)

== Clusters in languages ==
All languages differ in syllable structure and cluster template. A loanword from [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] in the extinct [[Ubykh language]], {{lang|uby|psta}} ('to well up'), violates Ubykh's limit of two initial consonants. The English words ''sphere'' {{IPA|/ˈsfɪər/}} and ''sphinx'' {{IPA|/ˈsfɪŋks/}}, [[Greek language|Greek]] loanwords, break the rule that two fricatives may not appear adjacently [[word-initially]].  Some English words, including thrash, three, throat, and throw, start with the voiceless dental fricative /θ/, the liquid /r/, or the /r/ cluster (/θ/+/r/). This cluster example in Proto-Germanic has a counterpart in which /θ/ was followed by /l/. In early North and West Germanic, the /l/ cluster disappeared. This suggests that clusters are affected as words are loaned to other languages.  The examples show that every language has syllable preference<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dziubalska-Kołaczyk |first1=K. |title=On the structure, survival and change of consonant clusters |journal=Folia Linguistica |date=2019 |volume=53(s40-s1) |issue=53 |page=107|doi=10.1515/flih-2019-0006 |s2cid=199546117 }}</ref> based on syllable structure and segment harmony of the language. Other factors that affect clusters when loaned to other languages include speech rate, articulatory factors, and speech perceptivity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Côté |first1=M. |title=Consonant cluster simplification in Québec French |date=2004 |journal=Probus |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=151 |doi=10.1515/prbs.2004.16.2.151|s2cid=170972749 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guy |first1=G. R. |last2=Boyd |first2=S. |title=The development of a morphological class |journal=Language Variation and Change |date=1990 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=1|doi=10.1017/S0954394500000235 |s2cid=145289008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=C. |title=Consonant cluster neutralisation and targeted constraints |journal=Phonology |date=2001 |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=147|doi=10.1017/S0952675701004043 |s2cid=62574684 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jun |first1=J. |title=Positional effects in consonant clusters |journal=The Blackwell Companion to Phonology |date=2011 |volume=2 |page=1103 }}</ref> Bayley has added that social factors such as age, gender, and geographical locations of speakers can determine clusters when they are loaned crosslinguistically.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bayley |first1=R. |title=Consonant cluster reduction in Tejano English |journal=Language Variation and Change |date=1994 |volume=6 |issue=3 |page=303|doi=10.1017/S0954394500001708 |s2cid=145407662 }}</ref>