Editing Continuing Anglican movement (section)

==History==
===Origins===
The Continuing Anglican movement originated in the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America]] and the [[Anglican Church of Canada]]. Related churches in other countries were founded later.

In 1976, the [[General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America]] voted to approve the ordination of women to the [[priest]]hood and to the [[episcopate]] and also provisionally adopted a new and doctrinally controversial [[Book of Common Prayer]], later called the 1979 version.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Francis |date=July–August 1981 |title=How Episcopalians Were Deceived |url= http://episcopalnet.org/TRACTS/Deceived.html |journal=New Oxford Review}}</ref> During the following year, several thousand dissenting clergy and laypersons responded to those actions by meeting in [[St. Louis]], Missouri, under the auspices of the Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.anglicanchurches.net/jurisdictions.html |title=Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen – Directory of Jurisdictions |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150131140728/http://www.anglicanchurches.net/jurisdictions.html |archive-date=January 31, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> where they adopted a theological statement, the [[Affirmation of St. Louis]] of 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.acahome.org/submenu/docs/affirm.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060716133729/http://www.acahome.org/submenu/docs/affirm.htm |url-status=dead |title=The Affirmation of St. Louis (1977) |archive-date=July 16, 2006 |website=ACAHome.org}}</ref> The Affirmation expressed a determination "to continue in the Catholic Faith, Apostolic Order, Orthodox Worship, and Evangelical Witness of the traditional Anglican Church, doing all things necessary for the continuance of the same".

Out of this meeting came a new church with the provisional name "Anglican Church in North America (Episcopal)". The first bishops of the new church, later named the Anglican Catholic Church, were consecrated on January 28, 1978, in [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release #78028 |url= https://www.episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/ENS/ENSpress_release.pl?pr_number=78028 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=EpiscopalArchives.org |publisher=Episcopal News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 29, 1978 |title=Dissident Episcopalians ordain bishops |url= https://www.newspapers.com/image/653450200/?terms=%22albert%20a.%20chambers%22%20&match=1 |work=The News and Observer |pages=17}}</ref> The main Continuing Anglican churches claim [[apostolic succession]], originating from [[Episcopal Church (United States)|The Episcopal Church]] from before the date of ordination of women to the priesthood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url= http://anglicancatholic.org/about-us/ |access-date=December 7, 2021 |website=AnglicanCatholic.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2017 |title=Episcopate of the Anglican Catholic Church – some notes |url= https://anglicancatholicliturgyandtheology.wordpress.com/2017/08/25/episcopate-of-the-anglican-catholic-church-some-notes/ |access-date=December 7, 2021 |website=Anglican Catholic Liturgy and Theology |via=WordPress}}</ref> It is also stated that there are [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic]] and [[Polish National Catholic Church]] consecrations in the line of succession.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 13, 2009 |title=The Old Catholic Consecrators |url= http://philorthodox.blogspot.com/2009/06/old-catholic-consecrators.html |access-date=December 7, 2021 |website=PhilOrthodox}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307171105/http://www.holycatholicanglican.org/images/HCCAR%20APOSTOLIC%20SUCCESSION%20CHART2013%20AD.jpg] {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=John Jay |url= https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/354436 |title=Stewards of the Lord: a reappraisal of Anglican orders. |date=1970 |publisher=Sheed & Ward |isbn=0-7220-0601-2 |location=London |pages=341 |oclc=354436}}</ref>

In Denver, the first bishop of the new church, [[Charles Doren|Charles Dale David Doren]], formerly the Archdeacon of the Diocese of Taejon in South Korea, was consecrated by the Rt Rev'd [[Albert A. Chambers|Albert Arthur Chambers]], formerly the Episcopal Church's Bishop of Springfield ([[List of bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America|PECUSA #588]])<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=f4bkAAAAMAAJ&dq=rowinski+consecrate+chambers&pg=RA15-PA9 |title=The Living Church |date=1962 |publisher=Morehouse-Gorham Co.}}</ref> and Acting Metropolitan of the ACNA.

Joining Bishop Chambers in the consecration of Charles Doren was the Rt Rev'd Francisco de Jesus Pagtakhan of the [[Philippine Independent Church|Philippine Independent Catholic Church]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Redmile |first=Robert David |title=The Apostolic Succession and the Catholic Episcopate in the Christian Episcopal |publisher=Xulon Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-1600345166 |pages=106}}</ref> Letters of Consent and Desire for the Doren consecration were in hand from the Rt Rev'd [[Mark Pae]] (Taejon, Korea) and Rt Rev'd [[Charles F. Boynton|Charles Boynton]]. Originally, a minimum of four consecrating bishops was sought, following the precedent of [[Episcopal Church (United States)|PECUSA]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crown |first=John |title=The Consecration of Four Anglican Bishops |url= https://www.newspapers.com/image/398914676/?terms=%22james%20mote%22%20consecrated%20bishop&match=1 |work=The Atlanta Constitution |pages=February 4, 1978}}</ref> However, Bishop Boynton did not attend due to ill health. Bishop Pae reportedly intended to be present, but upon the release of his name, the Archbishop of Canterbury ordered him not to attend. The canonicity of the third consecrator by letter of written consent was defended at the consecration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kinsolving |first=Lester |date=February 26, 1978 |title=Religion |url= https://www.newspapers.com/image/530848239/?terms=%22james%20mote%22%20consecrated%20bishop&match=1 |work=The Times-Tribune |pages=118}}</ref> The newly consecrated [[Charles Doren]] then joined with Chambers and Pagtakhan in consecrating as bishops [[James Orin Mote]], [[Robert S. Morse]], and [[Peter Watterson|Peter Francis Watterson]].<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last=Armentrout |first=Don S. |title=Episcopal Splinter Groups: Schisms in the Episcopal Church, 1963-1985 |journal=Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church |date=1986 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=295–320 |jstor=42974143}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Briggs |first=Kenneth A. |date=January 29, 1978 |title=Episcopal Dissidents Consecrate Bishops |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/29/archives/episcopal-dissidents-consecrate-bishops-denver-church-is-filled-for.html |access-date=May 25, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Watterson left the movement shortly afterward and became a [[Roman Catholic]] priest.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|389726033}} |last=Brzozowski |first=Carol |title=Nationwide Schism Affected County Episcopalians |newspaper=Sun Sentinel |location=Fort Lauderdale |date=July 18, 1986 }}</ref>

What had provisionally been called the Anglican Church in North America (Episcopal), was renamed the Anglican Catholic Church at the constitutional assembly in Denver, October 18–21, 1978.<ref name="auto"/> "Anglican Catholic Church" had previously been considered as a possible alternative name of the Protestant Episcopal Church USA before the decision to adopt the name by which it is commonly known, The Episcopal Church.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sutton |first=Dorthy |date=August 13, 1961 |title=The Name of the Church |pages=13 |work=The Living Church |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7IXkAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22anglican+catholic+church%22+england&pg=RA8-PA28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 10, 1961 |title=Opinion Poll Results |pages=28 |work=The Living Church |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7IXkAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22anglican+catholic+church%22+england&pg=RA8-PA28}}</ref> The new church continued to appeal to disaffected Episcopalians to join.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sullins |first=D. Paul |date=2017 |title=The History of the 1980 Anglican Pastoral Provision |url= http://sullins.epizy.com/published%20articles/Sullins%20CHR_Summer%202017%20tearsheet.pdf?i=1 |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=537 |issn=0008-8080 |jstor=45178727}}</ref> Some parishes of The Episcopal Church attempted to join the Anglican Catholic Church with their church building and property, leading to numerous court challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Owns Ascension Church? |work=Religion Online |url= https://www.religion-online.org/article/who-owns-ascension-church/ |access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 20, 2006 |title=Mote led 1977 secession from Episcopal Church |url= https://www.denverpost.com/2006/05/20/mote-led-1977-secession-from-episcopal-church/ |access-date=August 13, 2023 |work=The Denver Post}}</ref> Only a few parishes were able to retain their property outright, such as [[St. James Anglican Catholic Church (Cleveland, Ohio)|St. James, Cleveland]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=May 11, 2018 |title=St. James Church |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url= https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/st-james-church |access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref> By 1985, it was estimated that up to 20,000 people had left The Episcopal Church for the newly formed Anglican Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilkes |first=Paul |date=September 1, 1985 |title=The Episcopalians: A Church in Search of Itself |work=[[The New York Times]] |at=sect. 6, p. 20 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/01/magazine/the-episcopalians-a-church-in-search-of-itself.html |access-date=September 14, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===Early fractures and realignment===
During the process of ratifying the new church's constitution, disputes developed that split its dioceses into two American churches and a separate Canadian church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2006 |title=From Denver to Dallas, and Beyond: A Retrospective |publisher=Orthodox Anglican Communion |url= http://www.orthodoxanglican.org/tcc/42-2/DenverToDallas.htm |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060713033927/http://www.orthodoxanglican.org/tcc/42-2/DenverToDallas.htm |archive-date=July 13, 2006}}</ref> These were the [[Anglican Catholic Church]] led by [[James Orin Mote]], the Diocese of Christ the King (now the [[Anglican Province of Christ the King]]) led by [[Robert S. Morse]], and the [[Anglican Catholic Church of Canada]]. In 1981, [[Charles Doren]] and others left the Anglican Catholic Church to found the [[United Episcopal Church of North America]] in opposition to the alleged inhospitality of the other jurisdictions towards [[low church]]men.

In 1983, a statement of unity led to the coalescence of the Anglican Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Episcopal News Service |title=Press Release #83129 |url= https://episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/ENS/ENSpress_release.pl?pr_number=83129 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=EpiscopalArchives.org}}</ref> In 1984 a portion of the Anglican Episcopal Church of North America merged with the ACC to become the non-geographical Diocese of St. Paul.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Armentrout |first=Don S. |title=Episcopal Splinter Groups: Schisms in the Episcopal Church, 1963-1985 |magazine=Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church |date=1986 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=295–320 |jstor=42974143}}</ref>

Some Continuing Anglican bishops began discussing forming an international communion of Continuing Anglican churches in 1988,<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 25, 1988 |title=Anglicans Plan Communion |work=Farmington Daily Times |pages=8}}</ref> and met in 1989 to form the Traditional Anglican Communion.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|277398129}} |last=Banks |first=Adelle |title=Bishops Trying New Approach to Keep Old Anglican Ways |newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |date=February 5, 1989 |page=B3 }}</ref> In 1991, multiple Anglican jurisdictions were invited to attend a conference in October in [[Deerfield Beach, Florida]], to create a united church. The [[United Episcopal Church of North America]] and the [[Anglican Province of Christ the King|Diocese of Christ the King]] declined to participate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Episcopal traditionalists want to rebuild church with splinters |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1991/08/03/episcopal-traditionalists-want-to-rebuild-church-with-splinters/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref> At that meeting, a number of parishes left the Anglican Catholic Church to merge with the American Episcopal Church and form the [[Anglican Church in America]] as a part of the [[Traditional Anglican Communion]]. Some of those later formed the [[Anglican Province of America]] after the resignation of Bishop [[Tony Clavier|Anthony F. M. Clavier]] as bishop ordinary of Diocese of the Eastern United States (ACA) in 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-02 |title=Anglican Archbishop Resigns |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/national/1995/02/05/anglican-archbishop-resigns/05d058db-4d0d-4b8d-b3dc-f8a7af14e976/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 1997, additional parishes left the Anglican Catholic Church and formed the [[Holy Catholic Church (Anglican Rite)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Kleppinger v. Anglican Catholic Church Incorporated'' |url= https://caselaw.findlaw.com/nj-superior-court/1425644.html |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=Caselaw.FindLaw.com |publisher=[[FindLaw]] ([[Thomson Reuters]])}}</ref>

In 1999, Bishop [[Richard Boyce (bishop)|Richard Boyce]] requested membership in the [[Anglican Province of America]] as the Diocese of the West. In 2003, the Anglican Rite Synod in the Americas (ARSA) under Bishops Larry Shaver (formerly of the American Episcopal Church<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anglican bishop looks forward to another Christmas Eve sermon in Merrillville |url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/opinion/ct-ptb-davich-bishop-larry-shaver-christmas-eve-st-1224-story.html |access-date=September 1, 2022 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=December 21, 2018}}</ref> and the Anglican Jurisdiction of the Americas<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2009 |title=Christian Episcopal Orders |url= http://www.christianepiscopal.ca/orders.html |access-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090313013409/http://www.christianepiscopal.ca/orders.html |archive-date=March 13, 2009}}</ref>) and Herbert M. Groce were received into the Anglican Province of America as the non-geographical Diocese of St. Augustine, later renamed the Diocese of Mid-America.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=St. Michael the Archangel Anglican Church |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Presiding Bishop's Address – APA Synod 2021 |url= https://stmichaelsanglican.org/blog/presiding-bishops-address-apa-synod-2021/ |access-date=September 1, 2022}}</ref>

On March 5, 2003, Ash Wednesday, the [[Diocese of the Holy Cross]] seceded from the Anglican Province of Christ the King over questions surrounding James Provence, the successor of [[Robert S. Morse]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hewett |first=Paul C. |title=The Day-spring from on High |date=2020 |isbn=978-1647535513 |chapter=The First Paradigm – The Continuing Church Movement, 1976–2006: The Epic Journey |publisher=URLink Print & Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2006 |title=APCK Reviewing Annulment Policy |url= http://www.orthodoxanglican.org/tcc/42-2/focus.htm#6 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060713033633/http://www.orthodoxanglican.org/tcc/42-2/focus.htm#6 |archive-date=July 13, 2006}}</ref> On July 25, 2007, Bishop Rocco Florenza and most of the parishes in the Eastern Diocese of the Anglican Province of Christ the King withdrew, joining the Anglican Church in America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=Robert |date=July 25, 2007 |title=The Continuum: Now It's Official |url= https://anglicancontinuum.blogspot.com/2007/07/now-its-official.html |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=The Continuum}}</ref>

The 2007/08 ''Directory of Traditional Anglican and Episcopal Parishes'', published by the Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen,<ref>{{cite web |title=Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen |url= http://www.anglicanchurches.net/ |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> contained information on over 900 parishes affiliated with either the Continuing Anglican churches or the [[Anglican realignment]] movement.

===International growth===
Some Continuing Anglican bodies have added dioceses outside North America. The two largest international jurisdictions are the [[Traditional Anglican Church]] and the [[Anglican Catholic Church]]. The Traditional Anglican Church comprises national provinces with dioceses, parishes and missions in Australia, Canada, Colombia, Great Britain, Guatemala, India, Ireland, Salvador, South Africa, the United States, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |work=TraditionalAnglicanChurch.com |publisher=[[Traditional Anglican Church]] |url= http://traditionalanglicanchurch.com/home/about-us |access-date=August 21, 2022}}</ref>

The Anglican Catholic Church has a presence on six continents and nearly two dozen countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Locations |url= http://anglicancatholic.org/locations/ |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=AnglicanCatholic.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anglican Catholic Church Worldwide |url= https://anglicancatholic.org/mt-content/uploads/2021/09/acc-map-worldwide-2021.jpg}}</ref> In 1984, the five dioceses of the [[Church of India (CIPBC)]] were received by the Anglican Catholic Church and constituted as its second province, but they rescinded communion between 2013 and 2017 over matters relating to the status of the second province and became independent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |work=ChurchOfIndia-CIPBC.com |publisher=Church of India |url= https://churchofindia-cipbc.com/about-us/ |access-date=December 7, 2021}}</ref> In 2018, Archbishop [[Mark Haverland]] and the Most Rev. John Augustine, Metropolitan of the CIPBC, signed an agreement restoring {{lang|la|communio in sacris}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January–February 2018 |title=Communion Ties Between ACC, CIPBC Restored |page=1 |work=The Trinitarian |url= http://www.iglesiacatolicaanglicana.co/ica/trinitarian2013/Trin_Jan_Feb_18_web.pdf |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211210172531/http://www.iglesiacatolicaanglicana.co/ica/trinitarian2013/Trin_Jan_Feb_18_web.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2021, by a vote of the provincial synod of the Anglican Catholic Church, a third province, the [[Province of Southern Africa]], was established, comprising five dioceses in South Africa and the one diocese in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newly established Province of Southern Africa elects Dominic Mdunyelwa as Archbishop |url= http://anglicancatholic.org/news/newly-established-province-of-southern-africa-elects-dominic-mdunyelwa-as-archbishop/ |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=AnglicanCatholic.org}}</ref> The Province now contains 11 dioceses, including a diocese in [[Tanzania]].

The [[Anglican Province of America]] also includes global partnerships, with links to congregations in Ecuador, Haiti, Philippines, and India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Partner News Archives |url=https://anglicanprovince.org/category/news/global-news/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511205527/https://anglicanprovince.org/category/news/global-news/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |website=AnglicanProvince.org |publisher=[[Anglican Province of America]] }}</ref>