Editing Coral bleaching (section)

=== List of triggers ===
[[File:Colorful Coral Bleaching.jpg|thumb|A colourful bleaching event photographed in Palawan, Philippines, in 2010. The colours derive from high concentrations of sun-screening pigments produced by the coral host.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bollati |first1=Elena |last2=D’Angelo |first2=Cecilia |last3=Alderdice |first3=Rachel |last4=Pratchett |first4=Morgan |last5=Ziegler |first5=Maren |last6=Wiedenmann |first6=Jörg |date=July 2020 |title=Optical Feedback Loop Involving Dinoflagellate Symbiont and Scleractinian Host Drives Colorful Coral Bleaching |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=2433–2445.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.055 |pmid=32442463 |s2cid=218762967 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CBio...30E2433B |hdl=10453/149693 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>]]
[[File:EL18p-Réunion.jpg|thumb|Bleached coral—partially overgrown with algae]]
* increased water temperature ([[marine heatwave]]s, most commonly due to [[global warming]]), or reduced water temperatures<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Reef 'at risk in climate change' |publisher=The University of Queensland |date=6 April 2007 |url=https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2007/04/reef-risk-climate-change |access-date=2 August 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913172127/https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2007/04/reef-risk-climate-change |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=KAnthony>Anthony, K. 2007; Berkelmans</ref><ref name=TSaxby2003>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Saxby T, Dennison WC, Hoegh-Guldberg O |title=Photosynthetic responses of the coral Montipora digitata to cold temperature stress |doi=10.3354/meps248085 |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=248 |pages=85–97 |year=2003 |bibcode=2003MEPS..248...85S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marimuthu N, Jerald Wilson J, Vinithkumar NV, Kirubagaran R |title=Coral reef recovery status in south Andaman Islands after the bleaching event 2010 |journal=Journal of Ocean University of China |date=9 November 2012 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1007/s11802-013-2014-2 |bibcode=2013JOUC...12...91M |s2cid=89531419 }}</ref>
* increased [[solar irradiance]] ([[photosynthetically active radiation]] and [[UVB|ultraviolet light]])
* increased [[sedimentation]] (due to [[silt]] [[Surface runoff|runoff]])<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rogers CS | title=Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=62 |year=1990 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.3354/meps062185 |bibcode=1990MEPS...62..185R |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[bacterial]] infections<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kushmaro A, Rosenberg E, Fine M, Loya Y |title=Bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica by Vibrio AK-1 |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=147 |year=1997 |pages=159–65 |doi=10.3354/meps147159 |bibcode=1997MEPS..147..159K |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* changes in [[salinity]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoegh-Guldberg |first1=Ove |author-link=Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist) |last2=Smith |first2=G.Jason |name-list-style=vanc |title=The effect of sudden changes in temperature, light and salinity on the population density and export of zooxanthellae from the reef corals Stylophora pistillata Esper and Seriatopora hystrix Dana |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=129 |issue=3 |year=1989 |pages=279–303 |doi=10.1016/0022-0981(89)90109-3 |bibcode=1989JEMBE.129..279H }}</ref>
* [[herbicide]]s<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones RJ, Muller J, Haynes D, Schreiber U |title=Effects of herbicides diuron and atrazine on corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=251 |year=2003 |pages=153–167 |doi=10.3354/meps251153 |bibcode=2003MEPS..251..153J |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* extreme low tide and exposure<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anthony KR, Kerswell AP |title=Coral mortality following extreme low tides and high solar radiation |journal=Marine Biology |volume=151 |issue=5 |year=2007 |pages=1623–31 |doi=10.1007/s00227-006-0573-0 |bibcode=2007MarBi.151.1623A |s2cid=84328751 }}</ref>
* [[cyanide fishing]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Ross J. |last2=Hoegh-Guldberg |first2=Ove |author-link2=Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist) |name-list-style=vanc |title=Effects of cyanide on coral photosynthesis:implications for identifying the cause of coral bleaching and for assessing the environmental effects of cyanide fishing |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=177 |year=1999 |pages=83–91 |doi=10.3354/meps177083 |bibcode=1999MEPS..177...83J |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* elevated sea levels due to global warming (Watson){{clarify|date=August 2016}}
* [[mineral dust]] from African [[dust storm]]s caused by [[drought]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coral Mortality and African Dust |url=http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502091350/http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/ |archive-date=2 May 2012 |access-date=10 June 2007 |website=[[U. S. Geological Survey]]}}</ref>
* pollutants such as [[oxybenzone]], [[butylparaben]], [[octyl methoxycinnamate]], or [[enzacamene]]: four common [[sunscreen]] ingredients that are nonbiodegradable and can wash off of skin<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protect Yourself, Protect The Reef! The impacts of sunscreens on our coral reefs |url=http://cdhc.noaa.gov/_docs/Site%20Bulletin_Sunscreen_final.pdf |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |access-date=1 July 2013 |archive-date=13 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213222809/http://cdhc.noaa.gov/_docs/Site%20Bulletin_Sunscreen_final.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.badgerbalm.com/s-35-coral-reef-safe-sunscreen.aspx|title=Coral Reef Safe Sunscreen |website=badgerbalm.com |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324220654/http://www.badgerbalm.com/s-35-coral-reef-safe-sunscreen.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Danovaro R, Bongiorni L, Corinaldesi C, Giovannelli D, Damiani E, Astolfi P, Greci L, Pusceddu A |title=Sunscreens cause coral bleaching by promoting viral infections |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=441–7 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18414624 |pmc=2291018 |doi=10.1289/ehp.10966 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Downs CA, Kramarsky-Winter E, Fauth JE, Segal R, Bronstein O, Jeger R, Lichtenfeld Y, Woodley CM, Pennington P, Kushmaro A, Loya Y |title=Toxicological effects of the sunscreen UV filter, benzophenone-2, on planulae and in vitro cells of the coral, Stylophora pistillata |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=175–91 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24352829 |doi=10.1007/s10646-013-1161-y |bibcode=2014Ecotx..23..175D |s2cid=1505199 }}</ref>
* [[ocean acidification]] due to elevated levels of CO<sub>2</sub> caused by air pollution<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anthony KR, Kline DI, Diaz-Pulido G, Dove S, Hoegh-Guldberg O |title=Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=105 |issue=45 |pages=17442–6 |date=November 2008 |pmid=18988740 |pmc=2580748 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0804478105 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10517442A |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* being exposed to oil or other chemical spills<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |url=https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/how-do-oil-spills-affect-coral-reefs.html|title=How Do Oil Spills Affect Coral Reefs? |website=response.restoration.noaa.gov |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135634/https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/how-do-oil-spills-affect-coral-reefs.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*changes in water chemistry, particularly an imbalance in the ratio of the macronutrients nitrate and phosphate<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wiedenmann |first1=Jörg |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Cecilia |last3=Smith |first3=Edward G. |last4=Hunt |first4=Alan N. |last5=Legiret |first5=François-Eric |last6=Postle |first6=Anthony D. |last7=Achterberg |first7=Eric P. |date=February 2013 |title=Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1661 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=160–164 |doi=10.1038/nclimate1661 |bibcode=2013NatCC...3..160W |issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*meteorological conditions<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=Lara Shania |last2=Siems |first2=Steven Thomas |last3=Huang |first3=Yi |last4=Zhao |first4=Wenhui |last5=Harrison |first5=Daniel Patrick |last6=Manton |first6=Michael John |last7=Reeder |first7=Michael John |date=2024-10-12 |title=The meteorological drivers of mass coral bleaching on the central Great Barrier Reef during the 2022 La Niña |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=23867 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-74181-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11470093 |pmid=39394244}}</ref>