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Corwin Amendment
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==Presidential responses== Outgoing [[President of the United States|President]] [[James Buchanan]] endorsed the Corwin Amendment by taking the unprecedented step of signing it.<ref>[[Alexander Tsesis]], ''The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom: A Legal History'' (New York University Press, 2004), 2</ref> His signature on the Congressional joint resolution was unnecessary, as the President has no formal role in the constitutional amendment process.<ref>''[[Hollingsworth v. Virginia]]'', 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 378 (1798)</ref> [[Abraham Lincoln]], in his [[Lincoln's first inaugural address|first inaugural address]] on March 4, said of the Corwin Amendment:<ref>[https://www.bartleby.com/124/pres31.html Text of Lincoln's first inaugural address], accessed July 17, 2011</ref> {{quote|I understand a proposed amendment to the Constitution—which amendment, however, I have not seen—has passed Congress, to the effect that the Federal Government shall never interfere with the domestic institutions of the States, including that of persons held to service ... holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable.}} Just weeks prior to the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Lincoln sent a letter to each state's governor transmitting the proposed amendment,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Corwin Amendment|last=Lupton|first=John A|year=2006|publisher=Illinois Periodicals Online|access-date=August 4, 2016}}</ref> noting that Buchanan had approved it. His letter did not say anything opposing or supporting the amendment itself.<ref name=holzer429/>
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