Editing Counterintelligence (section)

==Counterintelligence, counterterror, and government==
Many governments organize counterintelligence agencies separately and distinct from their intelligence collection services. In most countries the counterintelligence mission is spread over multiple organizations, though one usually predominates. There is usually a domestic counterintelligence service, usually part of a larger [[law enforcement organization]] such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Counterintelligence|url=https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/counterintelligence|url-status=live|website=FBI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717152826/https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/counterintelligence |archive-date=2016-07-17 }}</ref>

The [[United Kingdom]] has the separate [[MI5|Security Service]], also known as MI5, which does not have direct police powers but works closely with law enforcement especially [[Special Branch]] that can carry out arrests, do searches with a warrant, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COUNTER-ESPIONAGE|url=https://www.mi5.gov.uk/counter-espionage|url-status=live|website=Security Service MI5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115235849/https://www.mi5.gov.uk/counter-espionage |archive-date=2020-01-15 }}</ref>

The [[Russian Federation]]'s major domestic security organization is the [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]], which principally came from the Second Chief Directorate and [[Military counterintelligence of the Soviet Army|Third Chief Directorate]] of the USSR's [[KGB]].

[[Canada]] separates the functions of general defensive counterintelligence (''contre-ingérence''), security intelligence (the intelligence preparation necessary to conduct offensive counterintelligence), law enforcement intelligence, and offensive counterintelligence.

Military organizations have their own counterintelligence forces, capable of conducting protective operations both at home and when deployed abroad.<ref name="auto">Clark, R.M. and Mitchell, W.L., 2018. Deception: Counterdeception and Counterintelligence. CQ Press.</ref> Depending on the country, there can be various mixtures of civilian and military in foreign operations. For example, while [[#Offensive counterintelligence operations|offensive counterintelligence]] is a mission of the US [[CIA]]'s [[National Clandestine Service]], [[#Defensive counterintelligence|defensive counterintelligence]] is a mission of the [[Diplomatic Security Service|U.S. Diplomatic Security Service (DSS), Department of State]], who work on protective security for personnel and information processed abroad at US Embassies and Consulates.<ref>{{cite web
 | title = Counterintelligence Investigations
 | url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/m/ds/terrorism/c8653.htm
 | access-date = 2008-05-08
}}</ref>

The term counter-espionage is really specific to countering [[HUMINT]], but, since virtually all offensive counterintelligence involves exploiting human sources, the term "offensive counterintelligence" is used here to avoid some ambiguous phrasing.

Other countries also deal with the proper organization of defenses against Foreign Intelligence Services (FIS), often with separate services with no common authority below the head of government.

[[France]], for example, builds its domestic counterterror in a law enforcement framework. In France, a senior anti-terror magistrate is in charge of defense against terrorism. French magistrates have multiple functions that overlap US and UK functions of investigators, prosecutors, and judges. An anti-terror magistrate may call upon France's domestic intelligence service ''[[Direction générale de la sécurité intérieure]]'' (DGSI), which may work with the ''[[Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure]]'' (DGSE), foreign intelligence service.

[[Spain]] gives its Interior Ministry, with military support, the leadership in domestic counterterrorism. For international threats, the National Intelligence Center (CNI) has responsibility. CNI, which reports directly to the Prime Minister, is staffed principally by which is subordinated directly to the Prime Minister's office. After the March 11, [[2004 Madrid train bombings]], the national investigation found problems between the Interior Ministry and CNI, and, as a result, the National Anti-Terrorism Coordination Center was created. Spain's 3/11 Commission called for this center to do operational coordination as well as information collection and dissemination.<ref name=Archick>{{cite web
 | title = European Approaches to Homeland Security and Counterterrorism
 | url = https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL33573.pdf
 | first = Kristen
 | last  = Archick
 | publisher = Congressional Research Service
 | date = 2006-07-24
 | access-date = 2007-11-05
}}</ref> The military has organic counterintelligence to meet specific military needs.