Editing Crowd (section)

==Psychological aspects==
{{main|Crowd psychology}}
Psychological aspects are concerned with the psychology of the crowd as a group and the psychology of those who allow their will and emotions to be informed by the crowd (both discussed more comprehensively under [[crowd psychology]]).

Many studies on crowds have given insights on how crowds respond to different situations. One 2009 report highlighted many observable behaviors of crowds,<ref name="cabinet">Challenger, R., Clegg, C. W., & Robinson, M. A. (2009). [http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/resource-library/understanding-crowd-behaviours-documents Understanding crowd behaviours. Multi-volume report for the UK Government’s Cabinet Office]. London: Cabinet Office.</ref> including evidence that crowds are able to make united decisions regarding their direction and speed of movement, even if only a few of its members have the information required to make such decisions.<ref name="cabinet"/> The degree to which informed members can affect the crowd depends on their position within the group, with those in the crowd's core likely to have a greater influence.<ref name="cabinet"/>

Generally, researchers in crowd psychology have focused on the negative aspects of crowds,<ref name="Ref.1">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of psychology|author1=Reicher, Stephen|publisher=American Psychological Association|year=2000|isbn=1-55798-650-9|editor=Alan E. Kazdin|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofps0000unse/page/374 374]–377|author-link=|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofps0000unse}}</ref> but not all crowds are volatile or negative in nature. For example, in the beginning of the socialist movement crowds were asked to put on their Sunday dress and march silently down the street. A more-modern example involves the sit-ins during the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. Crowds can reflect and challenge the held ideologies of their sociocultural environment. They can also serve integrative social functions, creating temporary communities.<ref name="Ref.3">{{cite book|title=Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology|last=Greenberg|first=M.S.|year=2010}}{{ISBN?}}</ref><ref name="Ref.1" />

=== Types of crowd ===
{{main|Crowd psychology#Types}}

[[File:Antifas.jpg|thumb|[[Anarchism|Anarchist]] crowd during a [[protest]] in Mexico City]]
There is limited research into the types of crowd and crowd membership and there is no consensus as to the classification of types of crowds. Two recent scholars, Momboisse (1967)<ref>Momboisse, Raymond. ''Riots, Revolts, and Insurrection''. Springfield, Ill. Charles Thomas. 1967. {{ISBN?}}</ref> and Berlonghi (1995)<ref>Berlonghi, Alexander E. "Understanding and planning for different spectator crowds". [[Safety Science]]. Volume 18, Number 4, February 1995, pp.&nbsp;239–247</ref> focused upon purpose of existence to differentiate among crowds. Momboisse developed a system of four types: casual, conventional, expressive, and aggressive. Berlonghi classified crowds as spectator, demonstrator, or escaping, to correlate to the purpose for gathering.

Other sociologists distinguished four types of crowds: casual, conventional, expressive, and acting.<ref name="Blumer">{{cite book |last1=Blumer |first1=Herbert |title=Collective Behavior. |date=1939 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York |pages=219–280 |edition=In Robert E. Park, Ed., An Outline of the Principles of Sociology.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Ralph |last2=Killian |first2=Lewis |title=Collective Behavior |date=1993 |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |edition=4th |ref=9}}</ref> Casual crowds consists of people aggregated in the same place informally such as a coffee shop. There are also conventional crowds or those that come together for a regularly scheduled event including a church service and expressive crowds that meet to partake in an emotional time together like a wedding or funeral. Lastly, there are acting crowds that join to achieve a common goal or action, which could involve participating in a protest or riot.

Crowds can be active (mobs) or passive (audiences). Active crowds can be further divided into aggressive, escapist, acquisitive, or expressive mobs.<ref name="Ref.3" /> Aggressive mobs, which are common in [[riot]]s, are often violent and outwardly focused. Examples are football riots and the [[1992 Los Angeles riots|L.A. Riots]] of 1992. Escapist mobs are characterized by a large number of people trying to get out of a dangerous situation. Incidents involving crowds are often reported by media as the results of panic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feliciani |first1=Claudio |last2=Corbetta |first2=Alessandro |last3=Haghani |first3=Milad |last4=Nishinari |first4=Katsuhiro |date=2024-04-01 |title=How crowd accidents are reported in the news media: Lexical and sentiment analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753524000134 |journal=[[Safety Science]] |volume=172 |pages=106423 |doi=10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106423 |arxiv=2309.14633 |s2cid=262824786 |issn=0925-7535}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haghani |first1=Milad |last2=Lovreglio |first2=Ruggiero |date=2022-12-09 |title=Data-based tools can prevent crowd crushes |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf5949 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=378 |issue=6624 |pages=1060–1061 |doi=10.1126/science.adf5949 |pmid=36480619 |bibcode=2022Sci...378.1060H |s2cid=254485601 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, the scientific literature has explained how panic is a myth which is used to mislead the attention of the public from the real causes of crowd incidents such as [[Crowd crush|crowd crashes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fahy |first1=Rita F. |last2=Proulx |first2=Guylène |last3=Aiman |first3=Lata |date=August 2012 |title=Panic or not in fire: Clarifying the misconception |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.1083 |journal=Fire and Materials |language=en |volume=36 |issue=5–6 |pages=328–338 |doi=10.1002/fam.1083 |s2cid=145326665 |issn=0308-0501 |author1-link=Rita Fahy |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haghani |first1=Milad |last2=Cristiani |first2=Emiliano |last3=Bode |first3=Nikolai W. F. |last4=Boltes |first4=Maik |last5=Corbetta |first5=Alessandro |date=2019-08-08 |title=Panic, Irrationality, and Herding: Three Ambiguous Terms in Crowd Dynamics Research |journal=Journal of Advanced Transportation |language=en |volume=2019 |pages=e9267643 |doi=10.1155/2019/9267643 |doi-access=free |issn=0197-6729|hdl=11343/227617 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haghani |first1=Milad |last2=Coughlan |first2=Matt |last3=Crabb |first3=Ben |last4=Dierickx |first4=Anton |last5=Feliciani |first5=Claudio |last6=van Gelder |first6=Roderick |last7=Geoerg |first7=Paul |last8=Hocaoglu |first8=Nazli |last9=Laws |first9=Steve |last10=Lovreglio |first10=Ruggiero |last11=Miles |first11=Zoe |last12=Nicolas |first12=Alexandre |last13=O'Toole |first13=William J. |last14=Schaap |first14=Syan |last15=Semmens |first15=Travis |date=2023-12-01 |title=A roadmap for the future of crowd safety research and practice: Introducing the Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety and the imperative of a Vision Zero target |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753523002345 |journal=[[Safety Science]] |volume=168 |pages=106292 |doi=10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106292 |issn=0925-7535}}</ref> Acquisitive mobs occur when large numbers of people are fighting for limited resources. An expressive mob is any other large group of people gathering for an active purpose. Civil disobedience, rock concerts, and religious revivals all fall under this category.<ref name="Ref.3" />