Editing Crown ether (section)

== Pharmaceutical applications ==
Crown ethers have been investigated as excipients in pharmaceutical applications,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chehardoli |first1=Gholamabbas |last2=Bahmani |first2=Asrin |title=The role of crown ethers in drug delivery |journal=Supramolecular Chemistry |date=2019-04-03 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=221–238 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10610278.2019.1568432 |doi=10.1080/10610278.2019.1568432 |issn=1061-0278|url-access=subscription }}</ref> demonstrating potential to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs and enhance their permeability across mucosal membranes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=Peter W. J. |last2=Porfiryeva |first2=Natalia N. |last3=Chahal |first3=Sukhmanpreet |last4=Salakhov |first4=Ilgiz A. |last5=Lacourt |first5=Charlène |last6=Semina |first6=Irina I. |last7=Moustafine |first7=Rouslan I. |last8=Khutoryanskiy |first8=Vitaliy V. |date=2017-10-02 |title=Crown Ethers: Novel Permeability Enhancers for Ocular Drug Delivery? |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00556 |journal=Molecular Pharmaceutics |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=3528–3538 |doi=10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00556 |pmid=28825493 |issn=1543-8384}}</ref> Evaluation of antibacterial activities of some thia crown ethers indicated that they can be considered as inhibitors for S. aureus methicillin resistance and P. aeruginosa.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Seyedi |first=S. M. |author2=Sadeghian, A. |author3=Hazrathosseyni, A. |author4=Sadeghian, H. |author5=Sadeghian, M. |date=2007 |title=Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some New Thioether-Ester Crown Ethers |journal=Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=265–272|doi=10.1080/10426500600917060 }}</ref> In addition, some of these compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity on ''Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphilococcus aureus, Pseudomanas aeruginosa'' and ''Candida albicans''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sadeghian |first1=Ali |last2=Mohammad Seyedi |first2=Seyed |last3=Sadeghian |first3=Hamid |last4=Hazrathoseyni |first4=Ayla |last5=Sadeghian |first5=Mohammad |date=December 2007 |title=Synthesis, biological evaluation and QSAR studies of some new thioether–ester crown ethers |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17415990701670718 |journal=Journal of Sulfur Chemistry |language=en |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=597–605 |doi=10.1080/17415990701670718 |issn=1741-5993|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Despite these promising properties, their broader application remains limited due to concerns over the toxicity associated with crown ethers.