Editing Cuckoo clock (section)

===First modern cuckoo clocks===
In 1629, many decades before clockmaking was established in the Black Forest,<ref>For the early history of Black Forest clockmaking, see Gerd Bender, "Die Uhrenmacher des hohen Schwarzwaldes und ihre Werke". Vol. 1 (Villingen, 1975): pp. 1–10.</ref> an [[Augsburg]] merchant by the name of [[Philipp Hainhofer]] (1578–1647) penned one of the first known descriptions of a modern cuckoo clock.<ref name="Johannes Graf p. 646">Johannes Graf, ''The Black Forest Cuckoo Clock. A Success Story''. NAWCC Bulletin, December 2006: p. 646.</ref> In [[Dresden]], he visited the Kunstkammer ([[Cabinet of curiosities]]) of Prince Elector [[August, Elector of Saxony|August von Sachsen]]. One of the rooms contained a chiming clock with a moving bird, a cuckoo announcing every quarter of an hour, which he briefly described as: "A beautiful chiming clock, inside a cuckoo, indicating the quarter hours with its beak and call, the hours with its flapping wings and pour [[sugar]] from its tail"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doering |first=Oscar |url=https://resources.warburg.sas.ac.uk/pdf/ceh820b2209456.pdf|title=Des Augsburger Patriciers Philipp Hainhoffer Reisen nach Innsbruck und Dresden|publisher=The Wagburg Institute|language=en|date=1901|access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref> (translated from the German). Hainhofer does not describe what this clock may have looked like and who built it. This piece is no longer part of the Dresden [[Green Vault]] collection,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graf |first=Johannes |url=https://blog.deutsches-uhrenmuseum.de/2017/06/28/fruehgeschichte-kuckucksuhr/|title=Wer hat's erfunden? Zur Frühgeschichte der Kuckucksuhr (Who invented it? On the early history of the cuckoo clock)|publisher=blog.deutsches-uhrenmuseum.de|language=de|date=2017-06-28|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref> but appears in a 1619 inventory book as: "In addition, there is also a new entry. 1 Clock with a cuckoo that yells. It stands on a black pedestal made of [[ebony]] on the barber's chest"<ref>Inventory book of the Dresden Kunstkammer, 1619: "Darzu is ferner aufs neue einkommen [fol. 88 v.] 1 Uhr mit einem Kuckuck, so verüldt und schreiet Steht uf einem schwarz, von eubenenem holtz gemachten postamentlein uf der balbier lade" (Information provided by the Dresden State Art Collections)</ref> (translated from the German).
[[File:dukirch.gif|thumb|right|Mechanical cuckoo, 1650. In addition to a flute player [[satyr]] and a [[rooster]], a cuckoo figure is also shown in the left side of the [[engraving]].]]
The Dresden timepiece should not have been unique, because the mechanical cuckoo was considered part of the known mechanical arts in the 17th century.<ref name="Johannes Graf p. 646"/> In a widely known handbook on music, ''[[Musurgia Universalis]]'' (1650), the scholar [[Athanasius Kircher]] describes a mechanical organ with several automated figures, including a mechanical cuckoo. This book contains the first documented description—in words and pictures—of how a mechanical cuckoo works.<ref>Athanasius Kircher, ''Musurgia Universalis sive Ars magna consoni & dissoni'', 2 Vol (Rome, 1650), here Vol. 2, p. 343f and Plate XXI.</ref> Kircher did not invent the cuckoo mechanism, because this book, like his other works, is a compilation of known facts into a handbook for reference purposes. The engraving clearly shows all the elements of a mechanical cuckoo. The bird automatically opens its beak and moves both its wings and tail. Simultaneously, there is heard the whistle—call of the cuckoo, created by two organ pipes, tuned to a minor or major third. There is only one fundamental difference from the Black Forest-type cuckoo mechanism: The functions of Kircher's bird are not governed by a count wheel in a strike train, but a pinned program barrel synchronizes the movements and sounds of the bird.

On the other hand, in 1669 Domenico Martinelli, in his handbook on elementary clocks ''Horologi Elementari'', suggests using the call of the cuckoo to indicate the hours.<ref>Domenico Martinelli, ''Horologi Elementari'' (Venezia, 1669): p. 112.</ref> Starting at that time the mechanism of the cuckoo clock was known. Any mechanic or clockmaker, who could read Latin or Italian, knew after reading the books that it was feasible to have the cuckoo announce the hours.

Subsequently, cuckoo clocks appeared in regions that had not been known for their clockmaking. For instance, the ''Historische Nachrichten'' (1713), an anonymous publication generally attributed to Court Preacher Bartholomäus Holzfuss, mentions a musical clock in the [[Oranienburg]] palace in [[Berlin]]. This clock, originating in [[West Prussia]], played eight church hymns and had a cuckoo that announced the quarter hours.<ref>''Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz''. Document No.:"I.HA, Rep. 36, Nr. 3048, fol. 21f": "In another room, where the Dutch porcelain is kept, is a singing clock, which was made by a farmer in [[Kashubia|Kaschuben]], which plays eight hymns; but the quarter hours are called out by a cuckoo". See also Claudia Sommer, ''[[Schloss Oranienburg]]. Ein Inventar aus dem Jahre 1743''where there is also a reference to a currently missing inventory of 1709. The inventory of 1702 does not yet list this clock; therefore, it is probable that it reached Oranienburg between 1702 and 1709, ''Verwaltung der Märkischen Schlösser'').</ref> Unfortunately this clock, like the one mentioned by Hainhofer in 1629, can no longer be traced today.<ref>It remains doubtful which is the oldest cuckoo clock before the bird made its appearance in the Black Forest. Again and again old iron or wooden clock movements are discovered, which have automated cuckoos that possibly predate the first wooden movement cuckoo clocks from the Black Forest. (See also Wilhelm Schneider, "Die eiserne Kuckucksuhr" (The Iron Movement Cuckoo Clock), ''Alte Uhren und Moderne Zeitmessung'', No. 5 (1989): pp. 37–44).</ref>

In the 18th century, people in the Black Forest started to build cuckoo clocks.