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==Economic and social history== {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = Culham Inclosure Act 1810 | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act for inclosing Lands within the Manor and Parish of Culham, in the County of Oxford. | year = 1810 | citation = [[50 Geo. 3]]. c. cxl | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 24 May 1810 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo3/50/140/pdfs/ukla_18100140_en.pdf | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} [[File:Old Culham Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 940811.jpg|thumb|Culham Old Bridge]] [[File:Culham School - geograph.org.uk - 19930.jpg|thumb|Culham C of E primary school]] [[File:MAST plasma image.jpg|thumb|Plasma image from the MAST spherical tokamak machine at the [[Culham Centre for Fusion Energy]]]] In 1416β22 the Abingdon Guild of the [[Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross|Holy Cross]] built [[Culham Bridge]] over the narrow Back Water between the village and Abingdon to carry the main road between Abingdon and [[Dorchester, Oxfordshire|Dorchester]].<ref name=Lobel/> In the [[English Civil War]], [[Cavalier|Royalist]] forces encamped on Culham Hill until June 1643, defending Culham Bridge. In May 1644 the Royalists withdrew from Abingdon and [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] forces took the bridge, from which they were able to intercept supplies to the Royalist headquarters in Oxford. In January 1645 a Royalist force tried to recapture the bridge and destroy it. The skirmish, known as the Battle of Culham Bridge, ended in a Parliamentarian victory and the Royalist commander [[Henry Gage (soldier)|Sir Henry Gage]] was mortally wounded.<ref name=Lobel/> Most of the parish was farmed in an [[open field system]] until Parliament passed an [[inclosure act]], the '''{{visible anchor|Culham Inclosure Act 1810}}''' ([[50 Geo. 3]]. c. cxl).<ref name=Lobel/> In the late 19th or early 20th century Culham had a brickworks.{{sfn|Dodsworth|1976|p=351}} In 1736 the [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] passed the [[Berkshire and Oxfordshire Roads Act 1735]] ([[9 Geo. 2]]. c. 14), the first of several [[Act of Parliament|acts]] to turn the Abingdon Road into a [[Toll road|turnpike]]. It ceased to be a turnpike in the 1870s.<ref name=Lobel/> In 1922 the [[Department for Transport|Ministry of Transport]] classified it as the [[A415 road]]. In 1928 [[Oxfordshire County Council]] built a new bridge for the A415 beside the 15th-century one. The old bridge is now a [[Grade II* listed building]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1368838 |desc=Culham Old Bridge, the Burycroft |grade=II* |fewer-links=yes |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> Road traffic between Culham and [[Sutton Courtenay]] crossed the Thames via Culham Ferry until 1807, when Sutton Bridge was built. In 1809 the [[Thames Navigation Commission]]ers built the {{convert|3/4|mi}} long Culham Cut, a navigation that bypasses a difficult stretch of river past a [[watermill]] at Sutton Courtenay. Sutton Bridge was extended to span the cut, and [[Culham Lock]] was built on the cut just above the bridge.<ref name=Lobel/> In 1844 the [[Great Western Railway]] opened an extension from [[Didcot Parkway railway station|Didcot]] to [[Oxford railway station|Oxford]], passing through the eastern part of the parish. The GWR opened a station on the main road and called it [[Culham railway station|Culham]], although it is {{convert|1+1/2|mi}} east of the village, slightly nearer to [[Clifton Hampden]]. [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] designed the station building, and it has recently been restored by [[Network Rail]]. It is served by [[Great Western Railway (train operating company)|Great Western Railway]]. In 1795 Culham had at least three [[public house]]s: the Nag's Head, the Sow and Pigs (later called the White Lion, but closed in 2009) and the Waggon and Horses (closed in 2015). In 1846 the Railway Hotel was added next to Culham railway station {{convert|1|mi}} east of the village, and in 1894 a parish boundary change transferred the Nag's Head to Abingdon.<ref name=Lobel/> The village school was built in 1850 and reorganised as an infants' school in 1924. Oxfordshire's smallest primary school, it shares a headteacher with nearby Clifton Hampden CE Primary School and is threatened with closure.<ref name="school">{{cite news |url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/17909513.official-closure-consultation-culham-primary-school/ |title=Official closure consultation for Culham primary school |first=Sophie |last=Grubb |newspaper=Oxford Mail |date=18 September 2019 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>
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