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Cultural diffusion
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==Theories== The many models that have been proposed for inter-cultural diffusion are: * [[Migrationism]], the spread of cultural ideas by either gradual or sudden population movements * [[Kulturkreis|Culture circles]] diffusionism (''Kulturkreise'')—the theory that cultures originated from a small number of cultures * "''Kulturkugel''" (a German compound meaning "culture bullet", [[Neologism|coined]] by [[J. P. Mallory]]), a mechanism suggested by Mallory<ref>In the context of [[Indo-Aryan migration]]; Mallory, "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In ''The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia''. Ed. Mair. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man (1998)</ref> to model the scale of [[invasion]] vs. gradual migration vs. diffusion. According to this model, local continuity of material culture and social organization is stronger than linguistic continuity, so that cultural contact or limited migration regularly leads to linguistic changes without affecting material culture or social organization.<ref>The term is a 'half-facetious' mechanical analogy, imagining a "bullet" of which the tip is material culture and the "charge" is language and social structure. Upon "intrusion" into a host culture, migrants will "shed" their material culture (the "tip") while possibly still maintaining their "charge" of language and, to a lesser extent, social customs (viz., the effect is a [[diaspora]] culture, which depending on the political situation may either form a [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] or a [[superstratum]] within the host culture).</ref> * [[Trans-cultural diffusion#Hyperdiffusionism|Hyperdiffusionism]]—the theory that all cultures originated from one culture A concept that has often been mentioned in this regard, which may be framed in the evolutionary diffusionism model, is that of "an idea whose time has come"—whereby a new cultural item appears almost simultaneously and independently in several widely separated places, after certain prerequisite items have diffused across the respective communities. This concept was invoked with regard to the independent development of [[calculus]] by [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] and [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibnitz]], and the inventions of the airplane and of the [[electronic computer]].
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